chapter stringlengths 1.97k 1.53M | path stringlengths 47 241 |
|---|---|
Introduction
Most agronomic and horticultural crop species are angiosperms. Angiosperms are vascular plants that produce their seeds enclosed in a matured ovary, a fruit; the fruit arises from a flower. In contrast, some tree crops—such as pine or spruce—are gymnosperms, which are vascular plants possessing “naked see... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Crop_Genetics_(Suza_and_Lamkey)/1.01%3A_Reproduction_in_Crop_Plants.txt |
Sexual Reproduction
Kinds of Flowers
Inflorescence type influences the techniques that are used to control pollination in developing cultivars and in maintaining the genetic purity of cultivars. Inflorescence types can also be used to identify plants.
Flowers are classified into a couple of categories. Flowers are e... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Crop_Genetics_(Suza_and_Lamkey)/1.02%3A_Flower_Morphology_and_Distribution.txt |
Introduction
Most crop species require seed production for their propagation. Some species, however, possess mechanisms that regulate fertility. Such mechanisms can reduce or prevent seed set, and affect self- or cross-pollination. These fertility-regulating mechanisms may be an obstacle or a benefit to the plant bree... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Crop_Genetics_(Suza_and_Lamkey)/1.03%3A_Controlled_Hybridization-_Self-incompatibility_Male-sterility_and_Sex-inheritance.txt |
Introduction
Plant breeders take advantage of the variation that occurs within a population to develop improved cultivars. Ordinarily, the goal of the plant breeder is to combine the favorable characteristics of one plant or cultivar with the desirable traits of another plant or cultivar to obtain a new combination th... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Crop_Genetics_(Suza_and_Lamkey)/1.04%3A_Gene_Segregation_and_Genetic_Recombination.txt |
Introduction
Genes located on the same chromosome are genetically linked. Genetic linkage analysis can be used to determine the order of genes on chromosomes. Closely linked genes are not segregating independently, like genes located on different chromosomes. This has different implications, e.g., in relation to trait... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Crop_Genetics_(Suza_and_Lamkey)/1.05%3A_Linkage.txt |
Introduction
Population genetics is a sub-discipline of genetics that characterizes the structure of breeding populations. The forces of mutation, migration, selection and genetic drift will alter the structure of populations. In this introductory module we will focus on characterizing population structure at a single... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Crop_Genetics_(Suza_and_Lamkey)/1.06%3A_Population_Genetics.txt |
Introduction
This module focuses on inbreeding, a type of mating of individuals that is often of particular significance to plant breeders. Inbreeding is defined as the mating of individuals that are related by ancestry. Self-pollination (mating of an individual to itself) represents the most extreme form of inbreedin... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Crop_Genetics_(Suza_and_Lamkey)/1.07%3A_Inbreeding_and_Heterosis.txt |
Introduction
Many of the traits that plant breeders strive to improve are quantitatively inherited. For example, breeding efforts targeting quantitative traits have allowed major increases in crop yield during the past 80 years or so. A quantitatively inherited trait is controlled by many genes at different loci, with... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Crop_Genetics_(Suza_and_Lamkey)/1.08%3A_Inheritance_of_Quantitative_Traits.txt |
Introduction
Mutations are the ultimate source of all genetic variation. Mutations can occur at all levels of genetic organization, classified mainly as either chromosome mutations or genome mutations. Chromosome mutations are discussed in this module. Chromosome alterations involve either single nucleotides or fragme... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Crop_Genetics_(Suza_and_Lamkey)/1.09%3A_Mutations_and_Variation.txt |
Introduction
Not all plant species are diploids. In fact, 75% of all angiosperms are polyploids, which are characterized by having more than two sets of chromosomes in their somatic cells. About 70% of undomesticated grasses and 25% of legumes are polyploids. Among domesticated crop species in general, 75% have been f... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Crop_Genetics_(Suza_and_Lamkey)/1.10%3A_Ploidy-_Polyploidy_Aneuploidy_and_Haploidy.txt |
Arti Singh; Jessica Barb; Asheesh Singh; and Anthony A. Mahama
Africa produces a diversity of crops including cereal, pulse, oilseed, root, and tuber species (Table 1), but contributes less than a quarter of the world production of root and tuber crops (Ngopya, 2003). In East Africa, bananas (especially cooking banana... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Crop_Improvement_(Suza_and_Lamkey)/1.01%3A_Basic_Principles_of_Plant_Breeding.txt |
Asheesh Singh and Anthony A. Mahama
Understanding the symbols used to describe the progeny generated following hybridization and self-pollination is critical for clear communication between/among researchers in the breeding community. The two symbols used by plant breeders to enable such communication are F and S, whe... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Crop_Improvement_(Suza_and_Lamkey)/1.02%3A_Pedigree_Naming_Systems_and_Symbols.txt |
Asheesh Singh; Arti Singh; Jessica Barb; and Anthony A. Mahama
The presence of genetic variation is a key prerequisite for genetic improvement in plant breeding and plays a pivotal role in germplasm usage in breeding programs. Therefore plant breeders and students in plant breeding can benefit immensely from an unders... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Crop_Improvement_(Suza_and_Lamkey)/1.03%3A_Genetic_Variation_and_Germplasm_Usage.txt |
Asheesh Singh and Anthony A. Mahama
The presence of genetic variation is a key prerequisite for genetic improvement in plant breeding. Creation of breeding populations with sufficient variability among individuals is key to success of breeding programs. Behind the visual variability in populations are underlying genet... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Crop_Improvement_(Suza_and_Lamkey)/1.04%3A_Refresher_on_Population_and_Quantitative_Genetics.txt |
Asheesh Singh; Arti Singh; and Anthony A. Mahama
Cultivar development is one of the four plant breeding projects (other three are genetic improvement, trait integrations and product placement) of many breeding programs. The end product depends on the specific objectives, the mode of propagation and commercial producti... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Crop_Improvement_(Suza_and_Lamkey)/1.05%3A_Steps_in_Cultivar_Development.txt |
Asheesh Singh; Arti Singh; and Anthony A. Mahama
The results of breeding and selection may be new varieties or clones that are superior to currently used standard commercially grown genotypes (checks) according to some criterion or criteria, or populations that are superior to previous ones. Several breeding strategie... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Crop_Improvement_(Suza_and_Lamkey)/1.06%3A_Breeding_Methods.txt |
Teshale Mamo; Asheesh Singh; and Anthony A. Mahama
Formal or conventional plant breeding programs (centralized breeding programs) are often designed to meet specific requirements of different groups of farmers in different growing environments (regions, countries, soil, or climatic conditions). Formal or conventional ... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Crop_Improvement_(Suza_and_Lamkey)/1.07%3A_Participatory_Plant_Breeding_and_Participatory_Variety_Selection.txt |
Teshale Mamo; Asheesh Singh; Arti Singh; and Anthony A. Mahama
Common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, (belongs to the Fabaceae family) is an annual plant that is grown in many parts of the world for the seed (bean) that is eaten immature or mature (after shelling and drying). Common bean is an important plant protein source... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Crop_Improvement_(Suza_and_Lamkey)/1.08%3A_Common_Bean_Breeding.txt |
Arti Singh; Teshale Mamo; Asheesh Singh; and Anthony A. Mahama
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) (2n=2x=22) belongs to the Leguminosae family. Cowpea is an important legume crop ranked second after groundnut. It is grown for food and feed in multiple continents (Africa, Asia, Europe, the United States, and Central a... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Crop_Improvement_(Suza_and_Lamkey)/1.09%3A_Cowpea_Breeding.txt |
Teshale Mamo; Asheesh Singh; and Anthony A. Mahama
Millets are tall and vigorous grasses with panicles containing small seeds, and are grouped in the cereal family Gramineae, same category as sorghum and maize. Millets are adapted and used as staple food in the semi-arid tropics of Africa and Asia where other crops ge... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Crop_Improvement_(Suza_and_Lamkey)/1.10%3A_Millet_Breeding.txt |
Arti Singh; Asheesh Singh; and Anthony A. Mahama
Rice is grown on all six continents in the world except Antarctica. The two cultivated rice species are Oryza glaberrima, commonly known as African rice, and Oryza sativa L., commonly known as Asian rice, which has two major subspecies (japonica and indica). Cultivated ... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Crop_Improvement_(Suza_and_Lamkey)/1.11%3A_Rice_Breeding.txt |
Teshale Mamo; Asheesh Singh; and Anthony A. Mahama
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) has historically been a major staple food source globally, and is currently ranked the fifth most important cereal. Recently, it has become a multipurpose crop produced not only for food but for feed, fuel and forage, and being bred... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Crop_Improvement_(Suza_and_Lamkey)/1.12%3A_Sorghum_Breeding.txt |
Jessica Barb and Anthony A. Mahama
Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam., Convovulaceae) is a hexaploid species (2n = 6x = 90) that originated in both Central and South America. Recent evidence (Roullier et al. 2013) suggests that sweetpotato evolved from at least two autopolyploid events involving distinct populatio... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Crop_Improvement_(Suza_and_Lamkey)/1.13%3A_Sweetpotato_Breeding.txt |
Teshale Mamo; Arti Singh; Asheesh Singh; and Anthony A. Mahama
Groundnut or peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. Millsp) is a self-pollinated species belonging to the Fabaceae family. It is considered as the most important food legume crop in continental Africa because of its multiple purpose uses in food, feed, paints, lubric... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Crop_Improvement_(Suza_and_Lamkey)/1.14%3A_Groundnut_Breeding.txt |
Shui-Zhang Fei and Anthony A. Mahama
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a dicot perennial shrub, belonging to the family of Euphorbiaceae. It is also known as tapioca, manioc, mandioca or yuca in different parts of the world. It can reach a height of 1-4 m (Fig. 1). Its tuberous storage roots are rich in starch (20... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Crop_Improvement_(Suza_and_Lamkey)/1.15%3A_Cassava_Breeding.txt |
Teshale Mamo; Asheesh Singh; and Anthony A. Mahama
Seed is a basic and fundamental input for agriculture. Accessibility of high-quality seed is one of the basic requirements to increase crop productivity, production and use (Pelmer, 2005). The dissemination and use of high-quality seeds have great benefits to increase... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Crop_Improvement_(Suza_and_Lamkey)/1.16%3A_Seed_Systems_and_Certification.txt |
Hunter-Gatherers
Before the agricultural revolution (10,000–12,000 years ago), hunting and gathering was, universally, our species’ way of life. It sustained humanity in a multitude of environments for 200,000 years—95 percent of human history. Why did our ancestors abandon their traditional way of life to pursue agri... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/History_and_Science_of_Cultivated_Plants_(Naithani)/1.01%3A_The_Origins_of_Agriculture.txt |
Domestication of Plants and Animals
Tremendous natural variations exist among the individuals of any plant species. The traits that define color, shape, flavor, height, yield, and resistance to pests, pathogens, and environmental stresses are not fixed within a species. Individual plants and animals from the same spec... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/History_and_Science_of_Cultivated_Plants_(Naithani)/1.02%3A_The_Origins_of_Crop_Plants.txt |
Crop Exchanges before the Industrial Revolution
The migration of the human population meant that the movement of crops away from their centers of origin was inevitable. Domesticated plant species first spread to neighboring regions via nomadic pastoralists, who traded with various farming communities. As tribal wars b... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/History_and_Science_of_Cultivated_Plants_(Naithani)/1.03%3A_Colonial_Agriculture.txt |
After the sixteenth century, when Europeans reached Asia, Africa, and the Americas, they saw many numerous new species of domesticated and wild plants and animals. Soon, surveying and systematic cataloging of the natural and biological resources ensued under the supervision of various experts. First, three or four expe... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/History_and_Science_of_Cultivated_Plants_(Naithani)/1.04%3A_Cataloging_Classification_and_Deliberate_Hybridizations.txt |
No-one can say why the same peculiarity in different individuals…is sometimes inherited and sometimes not so: why the child often reverts in certain characters to its grandfather, or other much more remote ancestor; why a peculiarity is often transmitted from one sex to both sexes, or to one sex alone, more commonly bu... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/History_and_Science_of_Cultivated_Plants_(Naithani)/1.05%3A_The_Early_History_of_Genetics.txt |
As the field of genetics matured, it became possible for breeders to develop improved crop varieties using Mendelian genetics, genetic maps, and markers. A breeder usually combines the desired genes from two varieties via crossing and then selects progeny containing desired traits. If four different useful genes are fo... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/History_and_Science_of_Cultivated_Plants_(Naithani)/1.06%3A_Genetic_Improvement_in_Cereal_Crops_and_the_Green_Revolution.txt |
The knowledge of naturally occurring intra- and interspecies gene transfer events, the advances in recombinant DNA technology, and plant tissue culture helped scientists transcend traditional breeding limits and introduce desired genes from any organism into crops. The crops containing one or more genes from other spec... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/History_and_Science_of_Cultivated_Plants_(Naithani)/1.07%3A_Genetically_Engineered_Crops.txt |
Learning Objectives
• Describe the benefits of interior landscaping.
The domestication of wild plants for food crops about 10,000 years ago was a major factor in the development of human civilization. However, art and archaeological evidence from early civilizations in Egypt, China, Iran, Greece, and Rome reveal that... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Red_Seal_Landscape_Horticulturist_Identify_Plants_and_Plant_Requirements_II_(Nakano)/Part_03_Plants_for_Different_Planting_Situations/01.1%3A_Introduction_to_Interior_Landscaping.txt |
Learning Objectives
• Recognize plants suitable for common tropical and interior landscape situations.
Plant species that are native to regions around the equator are described as tropical. They are adapted to climate conditions with an average temperature of 18οC (64.4οF), no chance of frost, and considerable precip... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Red_Seal_Landscape_Horticulturist_Identify_Plants_and_Plant_Requirements_II_(Nakano)/Part_03_Plants_for_Different_Planting_Situations/01.2%3A_Plants_for_Tropical_and_Interior_Landscaping.txt |
Learning Objectives
• Recognize plants suitable for common floral landscape situations.
Worldwide, the floriculture industry grows an enormous range of tropical species in greenhouses and nursery fields for interior and exterior landscape situations. In addition to improving everyday life, potted flowering plants and... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Red_Seal_Landscape_Horticulturist_Identify_Plants_and_Plant_Requirements_II_(Nakano)/Part_03_Plants_for_Different_Planting_Situations/01.3%3A_Plants_for_Floral_Landscape_Situations.txt |
Learning Objectives
• Describe plant tolerance for difficult planting conditions.
Few landscapes and gardens will contain the perfect planting conditions. Environmental stress from variable combinations of light and moisture levels, exposure to wind and cold, soil characteristics, site slopes and drainage can create ... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Red_Seal_Landscape_Horticulturist_Identify_Plants_and_Plant_Requirements_II_(Nakano)/Part_03_Plants_for_Different_Planting_Situations/01.4%3A_Introduction_to_Plants_for_Difficult_Planting_Situat.txt |
Learning Objectives
• Recognize plants suitable for planting in difficult situations.
Practice: Finish the sentences by selecting the matching growing condition for each plant. Click the images for a larger view. Review the detailed information about each plant available at this link to the KPU Plant Database [New Tab... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Red_Seal_Landscape_Horticulturist_Identify_Plants_and_Plant_Requirements_II_(Nakano)/Part_03_Plants_for_Different_Planting_Situations/01.5%3A_Recognize_Plants_Suitable_for_Planting_in_Difficult_.txt |
Learning Objectives
• Identify plants for favourable planting situations.
Horticulturists understand and use the climate and conditions of a given site to select and grow healthy plants. While growing conditions can be optimized by choosing the right plant for the right place, temperature will remain the least contro... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Red_Seal_Landscape_Horticulturist_Identify_Plants_and_Plant_Requirements_II_(Nakano)/Part_03_Plants_for_Different_Planting_Situations/01.6%3A_Plants_for_Favorable_Planting_Situations.txt |
Learning Objectives
• Describe native plants common to the horticulture industry.
Biodiversity is described as the variety of plants and other living organisms that interact with the non-living environment of a particular habitat or ecosystem. Regardless of the size or type, each organism is dependent on every other,... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Red_Seal_Landscape_Horticulturist_Identify_Plants_and_Plant_Requirements_II_(Nakano)/Part_04_Plants_for_Horticultural_Applications/02.1%3A_Native_Plants.txt |
Learning Objectives
• Describe seasonal plants common to the horticulture industry.
Planning combinations of woody and herbaceous plants with different life cycles and high visual impact generates year round interest in exterior and interior plantings. When visual interest is planned for one period such as early summ... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Red_Seal_Landscape_Horticulturist_Identify_Plants_and_Plant_Requirements_II_(Nakano)/Part_04_Plants_for_Horticultural_Applications/02.2%3A_Seasonal_Plants.txt |
Learning Objectives
• Describe plants suitable for green infrastructure projects.
The basic infrastructure that supplies a plant with water and food is made up of roots, stems, and leaves. By comparison, an infrastructure that supplies a community with drinking water is made up of a network of parts that include well... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Red_Seal_Landscape_Horticulturist_Identify_Plants_and_Plant_Requirements_II_(Nakano)/Part_04_Plants_for_Horticultural_Applications/02.3%3A_Plants_for_Green_Infrastructure_Projects.txt |
Learning Objectives
• Describe plants suitable for edible landscapes.
As part of green infrastructure, gardening for food production offers a wide range of environmental, economic, and social benefits. Growing local food within and around communities supports:
• habitat for pollinators and biodiversity,
• regulation... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Red_Seal_Landscape_Horticulturist_Identify_Plants_and_Plant_Requirements_II_(Nakano)/Part_04_Plants_for_Horticultural_Applications/02.4%3A_Plants_for_Edible_Landscapes.txt |
Learning Objective
• Describe the development of plant identification.
All living organisms on earth rely on the process of photosynthesis for food energy and oxygen. Humans depend almost entirely on plants for clean air and a livable climate as well as for food, medicines, materials, and well being. Around the world... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Red_Seal_Landscape_Horticulturist_Identify_Plants_and_Plant_Requirements_I_(Nakano)/01%3A_Plant_Identification/1.01%3A_Introduction_to_Plant_Identification.txt |
Learning Objectives
• Employ correct naming and plant identification terminology.
For an orderly system of classification, botanists give each group of plants a name that is recognized by people who know binomial nomenclature, regardless of where they are or the language they speak. This way every plant species will ... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Red_Seal_Landscape_Horticulturist_Identify_Plants_and_Plant_Requirements_I_(Nakano)/01%3A_Plant_Identification/1.04%3A_Introduction_to_Binomial_Nomenclature.txt |
Learning Objectives
• Describe conventions for writing botanical names.
Botanical nomenclature is the scientific system of naming plants. The naming of plants is governed by two sets of published rules: The International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants and the International Code of Nomenclature for ... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Red_Seal_Landscape_Horticulturist_Identify_Plants_and_Plant_Requirements_I_(Nakano)/01%3A_Plant_Identification/1.05%3A_Conventions_for_Binomial_Nomenclature.txt |
Learning Objectives
• Identify common classifications of plant growth.
Water movement is the most basic classification of plant growth. All plants need water to survive and, based on how they move water, are categorized as either vascular or non-vascular. Vascular plants, such as trees, have a water conducting system... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Red_Seal_Landscape_Horticulturist_Identify_Plants_and_Plant_Requirements_I_(Nakano)/01%3A_Plant_Identification/1.08%3A_Plant_Growth.txt |
Learning Objectives
• Recognize and describe patterns used to classify plants.
Classifying unknown plants as identical with or similar to plants within a particular taxonomic group involves observation and comparison. The ability to accurately distinguish and categorize the similarities and subtle differences among p... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Red_Seal_Landscape_Horticulturist_Identify_Plants_and_Plant_Requirements_I_(Nakano)/01%3A_Plant_Identification/1.09%3A_Introduction_to_Plant_Classification.txt |
Learning Objectives
• Describe the characteristics of dichotomous keys.
A dichotomous key is a useful tool for the identification of things not known to the observer; for example, unfamiliar plant species. The typical dichotomous key, as shown in the example below, is made up of a series of descriptions, features or ... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Red_Seal_Landscape_Horticulturist_Identify_Plants_and_Plant_Requirements_I_(Nakano)/01%3A_Plant_Identification/1.11%3A_Introduction_to_Dichotomous_Keys.txt |
Learning Objectives
• Describe the morphological characteristics of herbaceous and woody stems.
Plant identification depends on knowledge of taxonomy and understanding of stem, leaf, bud, flower and fruit morphology. Morphology is the Greek word for “the study of shape,” and plant morphology is the study of the exter... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Red_Seal_Landscape_Horticulturist_Identify_Plants_and_Plant_Requirements_I_(Nakano)/01%3A_Plant_Identification/1.13%3A_Introduction_to_Plant_Morphology.txt |
Learning Objectives
• Describe the morphological characteristics of plant leaves.
Leaves are specialized structures for photosynthesis that provide plants with energy. Leaves arise at nodes just below an axillary bud on woody stems and are usually petiolate, that is composed of a blade and stalk-like petiole. Petiole... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Red_Seal_Landscape_Horticulturist_Identify_Plants_and_Plant_Requirements_I_(Nakano)/01%3A_Plant_Identification/1.14%3A_Plant_Morphology_-_Leaves.txt |
Learning Objectives
• Describe the morphological characteristics of flowers and fruit.
The most significant patterns, in terms of evolutionary relationships, involve reproductive structures, such as the number and arrangement of flower parts, or the structure of cones. While the size and shape of vegetative structure... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Red_Seal_Landscape_Horticulturist_Identify_Plants_and_Plant_Requirements_I_(Nakano)/01%3A_Plant_Identification/1.16%3A_Plant_Morphology_-_Flowers_and_Fruit.txt |
Learning Objectives
• Describe key morphological patterns characteristic to plant families.
Plant families are separated according to structural differences in flowers, fruit, and seed. Genera that share similar structures are grouped within a particular Family. While some plant families, such as Orchidaceae (orchid)... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Red_Seal_Landscape_Horticulturist_Identify_Plants_and_Plant_Requirements_I_(Nakano)/01%3A_Plant_Identification/1.17%3A_Plant_Family_Characteristics.txt |
Learning Objectives
• Identify plants used in all segments of horticulture.
The horticultural use of plants for decoration, food, medicine, and materials spans the history of human development on earth. While early European explorers to North America described the new world as untouched wilderness, generations of Ind... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Red_Seal_Landscape_Horticulturist_Identify_Plants_and_Plant_Requirements_I_(Nakano)/02%3A_Plant_Requirements_and_Use/2.01%3A_Plant_Habitats.txt |
Learning Objectives
• Describe horticultural plant use categories.
Horticulture production provides plant resources for a wide range of functional, cultural, and aesthetic garden purposes. Ornamental plants are used for environmental enhancement, food production, and re-vegetation of damaged ecosystems, as well as fo... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Red_Seal_Landscape_Horticulturist_Identify_Plants_and_Plant_Requirements_I_(Nakano)/02%3A_Plant_Requirements_and_Use/2.02%3A_Plant_Use.txt |
Learning Objectives
• Recognize and describe plant growth characteristics.
Plant form and growth habit are among the most noticeable and important features for identification purposes as well as for landscape plant selection. Plant form, the three-dimensional shape or silhouette outline of a plant, is determined by t... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Red_Seal_Landscape_Horticulturist_Identify_Plants_and_Plant_Requirements_I_(Nakano)/02%3A_Plant_Requirements_and_Use/2.03%3A_Plant_Growth_Characteristics.txt |
Learning Objectives
• Describe the characteristics of weedy species.
Whether a plant is classified as a weed or not depends on its location and relationship to human activities. Plants in gardens, agricultural, and natural settings that are considered undesirable or out of place due to appearance, contamination, or c... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Red_Seal_Landscape_Horticulturist_Identify_Plants_and_Plant_Requirements_I_(Nakano)/02%3A_Plant_Requirements_and_Use/2.04%3A_Characteristics_of_weedy_species.txt |
Learning Objectives
• Explain plant hardiness zones.
Over the course of their evolution, plant species adapt to the climate variations of a region. Therefore, the ultimate deciding factor in whether a plant will survive in a given location (with adequate supplies of light, moisture, and nutrients) is quite simply the... | textbooks/bio/Agriculture_and_Horticulture/Red_Seal_Landscape_Horticulturist_Identify_Plants_and_Plant_Requirements_I_(Nakano)/02%3A_Plant_Requirements_and_Use/2.05%3A_Plant_Hardiness.txt |
• 1.1: Introduction - Basic Biology
The most obvious thing about living organisms is their astounding diversity. Estimates put the number of eukaryotic species at about 8.7 million, while bacteria account for anywhere between 107 and 109 different species. The number of species of archaea is still uncertain, but is exp... | textbooks/bio/Biochemistry/Book%3A_Biochemistry_Free_For_All_(Ahern_Rajagopal_and_Tan)/01%3A_In_The_Beginning/1.01%3A_Introduction_-_Basic_Biology.txt |
Source: BiochemFFA_1_3.pdf. The entire textbook is available for free from the authors at http://biochem.science.oregonstate.edu/content/biochemistry-free-and-easy
When it comes to water, we’re literally drowning in it, as water is by far the most abundant component of every cell. To understand life, we begin the disc... | textbooks/bio/Biochemistry/Book%3A_Biochemistry_Free_For_All_(Ahern_Rajagopal_and_Tan)/01%3A_In_The_Beginning/1.03%3A_Introduction_-_Water_and_Buffers.txt |
Thumbanil: Structure of human hemoglobin. The proteins α and βsubunits are in red and blue, and the iron-containing hemegroups in green. Image used with permission (CC BY-SA 3.0; Richard Wheeler).
02: Structure and Function
Source: BiochemFFA_2_1.pdf. The entire textbook is available for free from the authors at ht... | textbooks/bio/Biochemistry/Book%3A_Biochemistry_Free_For_All_(Ahern_Rajagopal_and_Tan)/02%3A_Structure_and_Function/2.01%3A_Prelude_to_Structure_and_Function.txt |
Source: BiochemFFA_2_4.pdf. The entire textbook is available for free from the authors at http://biochem.science.oregonstate.edu/content/biochemistry-free-and-easy
To this point, the proteins we have discussed have not been catalysts (enzymes). The majority of proteins in cells, however, catalyze reactions. In this se... | textbooks/bio/Biochemistry/Book%3A_Biochemistry_Free_For_All_(Ahern_Rajagopal_and_Tan)/02%3A_Structure_and_Function/2.05%3A_Structure_and_Function-_Protein_Function_II.txt |
Source: BiochemFFA_2_5.pdf. The entire textbook is available for free from the authors at http://biochem.science.oregonstate.edu/content/biochemistry-free-and-easy
The nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, may be thought of as the information molecules of the cell. In this section, we will examine the structures of DNA and RNA,... | textbooks/bio/Biochemistry/Book%3A_Biochemistry_Free_For_All_(Ahern_Rajagopal_and_Tan)/02%3A_Structure_and_Function/2.06%3A_Structure_and_Function_-_Nucleic_Acids.txt |
Source: BiochemFFA_2_7.pdf. The entire textbook is available for free from the authors at http://biochem.science.oregonstate.edu/content/biochemistry-free-and-easy
Lipids are a diverse group of molecules that all share the characteristic that at least a portion of them is hydrophobic. Lipids play many roles in cells, ... | textbooks/bio/Biochemistry/Book%3A_Biochemistry_Free_For_All_(Ahern_Rajagopal_and_Tan)/02%3A_Structure_and_Function/2.08%3A_Structure_and_Function_-_Lipids_and_Membranes.txt |
Source: BiochemFFA_2_1.pdf. The entire textbook is available for free from the authors at http://biochem.science.oregonstate.edu/content/biochemistry-free-and-easy
All of the proteins on the face of the earth are made up of the same 20 amino acids. Linked together in long chains called polypeptides, amino acids are th... | textbooks/bio/Biochemistry/Book%3A_Biochemistry_Free_For_All_(Ahern_Rajagopal_and_Tan)/02%3A_Structure_and_Function/202%3A_Structure__Function_-_Amino_Acids.txt |
Source: BiochemFFA_2_2.pdf. The entire textbook is available for free from the authors at http://biochem.science.oregonstate.edu/content/biochemistry-free-and-easy
Proteins are the workhorses of the cell. Virtually everything that goes on inside of cells happens as a result of the actions of proteins. Among other thin... | textbooks/bio/Biochemistry/Book%3A_Biochemistry_Free_For_All_(Ahern_Rajagopal_and_Tan)/02%3A_Structure_and_Function/203%3A_Structure__Function-_Proteins_I.txt |
Thumbnail: The cell membrane, also called the plasma membrane or plasmalemma, is a semipermeable lipid bilayer common to all living cells. It contains a variety of biological molecules, primarily proteins and lipids, which are involved in a vast array of cellular processes. It also serves as the attachment point for bo... | textbooks/bio/Biochemistry/Book%3A_Biochemistry_Free_For_All_(Ahern_Rajagopal_and_Tan)/03%3A_Membranes/3.01%3A_Basic_Concepts_in_Membranes.txt |
Source: BiochemFFA_3_2.pdf. The entire textbook is available for free from the authors at http://biochem.science.oregonstate.edu/content/biochemistry-free-and-easy
Movement of materials across membranes
As noted earlier, it is essential for cells to be able to uptake nutrients. This function along with movement of io... | textbooks/bio/Biochemistry/Book%3A_Biochemistry_Free_For_All_(Ahern_Rajagopal_and_Tan)/03%3A_Membranes/3.02%3A_Transport_in_Membranes.txt |
Source: BiochemFFA_3_3.pdf. The entire textbook is available for free from the authors at http://biochem.science.oregonstate.edu/content/biochemistry-free-and-easy
There are many functions and factors relating to cell membranes that don’t fit into broad categories. Those items will be the focus of this section.
Endoc... | textbooks/bio/Biochemistry/Book%3A_Biochemistry_Free_For_All_(Ahern_Rajagopal_and_Tan)/03%3A_Membranes/3.03%3A_Other_Considerations_in_Membranes.txt |
Thumbnail: Enzyme changes shape by induced fit upon substrate binding to form enzyme-substrate complex. Hexokinase has a large induced fit motion that closes over the substrates adenosine triphosphate and xylose. Binding sites in blue, substrates in black and Mg2+ cofactor in yellow. (PDB: 2E2N, 2E2Q). Image used wit... | textbooks/bio/Biochemistry/Book%3A_Biochemistry_Free_For_All_(Ahern_Rajagopal_and_Tan)/04%3A_Catalysis/4.01%3A_Basic_Principles_of_Catalysis.txt |
A printable version of this section is here: BiochemFFA_4_2.pdf. The entire textbook is available for free from the authors at http://biochem.science.oregonstate.edu/content/biochemistry-free-and-easy
Regulation of enzyme activity
Apart from their ability to greatly speed the rates of chemical reactions in cells, enz... | textbooks/bio/Biochemistry/Book%3A_Biochemistry_Free_For_All_(Ahern_Rajagopal_and_Tan)/04%3A_Catalysis/4.02%3A_Control_of_Enzymatic_Activity.txt |
A printable version of this section is here: BiochemFFA_4_3.pdf. The entire textbook is available for free from the authors at http://biochem.science.oregonstate.edu/content/biochemistry-free-and-easy
The magic of enzymes, as noted, is in their ability to create electronic environments conducive to initiation of a rea... | textbooks/bio/Biochemistry/Book%3A_Biochemistry_Free_For_All_(Ahern_Rajagopal_and_Tan)/04%3A_Catalysis/4.03%3A_Mechanisms_of_Catalysis.txt |
A printable version of this section is here: BiochemFFA_4_4.pdf. The entire textbook is available for free from the authors at http://biochem.science.oregonstate.edu/content/biochemistry-free-and-easy
Clotting is a process in which liquid blood is converted into a gelatinous substance that eventually hardens. The aim ... | textbooks/bio/Biochemistry/Book%3A_Biochemistry_Free_For_All_(Ahern_Rajagopal_and_Tan)/04%3A_Catalysis/4.04%3A_Blood_Clotting.txt |
• 5.1: Basics of Energy
Living organisms are made up of cells, and cells contain a horde of biochemical components. Living cells, though, are not random collections of these molecules. They are extraordinarily organized or "ordered". By contrast, in the nonliving world, there is a universal tendency to increasing disor... | textbooks/bio/Biochemistry/Book%3A_Biochemistry_Free_For_All_(Ahern_Rajagopal_and_Tan)/05%3A_Energy/5.01%3A_Basics_of_Energy.txt |
Source: BiochemFFA_5_3.pdf. The entire textbook is available for free from the authors at http://biochem.science.oregonstate.edu/content/biochemistry-free-and-easy
Photophosphorylation
The third type of phosphorylation to make ATP is found only in cells that carry out photosynthesis. This process is similar to oxidat... | textbooks/bio/Biochemistry/Book%3A_Biochemistry_Free_For_All_(Ahern_Rajagopal_and_Tan)/05%3A_Energy/5.03%3A_Energy_-_Photophosphorylation.txt |
Source: BiochemFFA_5_2.pdf. The entire textbook is available for free from the authors at http://biochem.science.oregonstate.edu/content/biochemistry-free-and-easy
In eukaryotic cells, the vast majority of ATP synthesis occurs in the mitochondria in a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Even plants, which genera... | textbooks/bio/Biochemistry/Book%3A_Biochemistry_Free_For_All_(Ahern_Rajagopal_and_Tan)/05%3A_Energy/5.2%3A_Electron_Transport_and_Oxidative_Phosphorylation.txt |
• 6.1: Metabolism - Sugars
• 6.2: Citric Acid Cycle & Related Pathways
The primary catabolic pathway in the body is the citric acid cycle because it is here that oxidation to carbon dioxide occurs for breakdown products of the cell’s major building blocks - sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids. The pathway is cyclic an... | textbooks/bio/Biochemistry/Book%3A_Biochemistry_Free_For_All_(Ahern_Rajagopal_and_Tan)/06%3A_Metabolism/6.01%3A_Metabolism_-_Sugars.txt |
Source: BiochemFFA_6_2.pdf. The entire textbook is available for free from the authors at http://biochem.science.oregonstate.edu/content/biochemistry-free-and-easy
Citric acid cycle
The primary catabolic pathway in the body is the citric acid cycle because it is here that oxidation to carbon dioxide occurs for breakd... | textbooks/bio/Biochemistry/Book%3A_Biochemistry_Free_For_All_(Ahern_Rajagopal_and_Tan)/06%3A_Metabolism/6.02%3A_Citric_Acid_Cycle__Related_Pathways.txt |
Source: BiochemFFA_6_3.pdf. The entire textbook is available for free from the authors at http://biochem.science.oregonstate.edu/content/biochemistry-free-and-easy
In the modern Western world, which is fat and getting fatter, there is a tremendous amount of interest in the metabolism of fat and fatty acids. Fat is the... | textbooks/bio/Biochemistry/Book%3A_Biochemistry_Free_For_All_(Ahern_Rajagopal_and_Tan)/06%3A_Metabolism/6.03%3A_Fats_and_Fatty_Acids.txt |
Source: BiochemFFA_6_4.pdf. The entire textbook is available for free from the authors at http://biochem.science.oregonstate.edu/content/biochemistry-free-and-easy
Sugars are the building blocks of carbohydrates, amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and nucleotides are the building blocks of the nucleic aci... | textbooks/bio/Biochemistry/Book%3A_Biochemistry_Free_For_All_(Ahern_Rajagopal_and_Tan)/06%3A_Metabolism/6.04%3A_Other_Lipids.txt |
Source: BiochemFFA_6_5.pdf. The entire textbook is available for free from the authors at http://biochem.science.oregonstate.edu/content/biochemistry-free-and-easy
In contrast to some of the metabolic pathways described to this point, amino acid metabolism is not a single pathway. The 20 amino acids have some parts of... | textbooks/bio/Biochemistry/Book%3A_Biochemistry_Free_For_All_(Ahern_Rajagopal_and_Tan)/06%3A_Metabolism/6.05%3A_Amino_Acids_and_the_Urea_Cycle.txt |
Source: BiochemFFA_6_6.pdf. The entire textbook is available for free from the authors at http://biochem.science.oregonstate.edu/content/biochemistry-free-and-easy
Diverse functions of nucleotides
Nucleotides are most often thought of as the building blocks of the nucleic acids, DNA and RNA. While this, is, of course... | textbooks/bio/Biochemistry/Book%3A_Biochemistry_Free_For_All_(Ahern_Rajagopal_and_Tan)/06%3A_Metabolism/6.06%3A_Nucleotides.txt |
The nature of biological information, how it is copied and passed on, how it is read and interpreted, and how it gives rise to the cellular activities that we can observe, is the subject of this chapter. Another kind of information is also considered, towards the end of the chapter- the molecular information that cells... | textbooks/bio/Biochemistry/Book%3A_Biochemistry_Free_For_All_(Ahern_Rajagopal_and_Tan)/07%3A_Information_Processing/7.01%3A_Prelude_to_Information_Processing.txt |
Source: BiochemFFA_7_1.pdf. The entire textbook is available for free from the authors at http://biochem.science.oregonstate.edu/content/biochemistry-free-and-easy
Introduction
For many years, scientists wondered about the nature of the information that directed the activities of cells. What kind of molecules carried... | textbooks/bio/Biochemistry/Book%3A_Biochemistry_Free_For_All_(Ahern_Rajagopal_and_Tan)/07%3A_Information_Processing/7.02%3A_Genes_and_Genomes.txt |
Source: BiochemFFA_7_2.pdf. The entire textbook is available for free from the authors at http://biochem.science.oregonstate.edu/content/biochemistry-free-and-easy
Copying instructions
The only way to make new cells is by the division of pre-existing cells. Single-celled organisms undergo division to produce more cel... | textbooks/bio/Biochemistry/Book%3A_Biochemistry_Free_For_All_(Ahern_Rajagopal_and_Tan)/07%3A_Information_Processing/7.03%3A_DNA_Replication.txt |
Source: BiochemFFA_7_3.pdf. The entire textbook is available for free from the authors at http://biochem.science.oregonstate.edu/content/biochemistry-free-and-easy
Safeguarding the genome
In the last section we considered the ways in which cells deal with the challenges associated with replicating their DNA, a vital ... | textbooks/bio/Biochemistry/Book%3A_Biochemistry_Free_For_All_(Ahern_Rajagopal_and_Tan)/07%3A_Information_Processing/7.04%3A_DNA_Repair.txt |
Source: BiochemFFA_7_4.pdf. The entire textbook is available for free from the authors at http://biochem.science.oregonstate.edu/content/biochemistry-free-and-easy
In the preceding sections, we have discussed the replication of the cell's DNA and the mechanisms by which the integrity of the genetic information is care... | textbooks/bio/Biochemistry/Book%3A_Biochemistry_Free_For_All_(Ahern_Rajagopal_and_Tan)/07%3A_Information_Processing/7.05%3A_Transcription.txt |
Source: BiochemFFA_7_5.pdf. The entire textbook is available for free from the authors at http://biochem.science.oregonstate.edu/content/biochemistry-free-and-easy
So far, we have looked at the mechanism by which the information in genes (DNA) is transcribed into RNA. The newly made RNA, also known as the primary tran... | textbooks/bio/Biochemistry/Book%3A_Biochemistry_Free_For_All_(Ahern_Rajagopal_and_Tan)/07%3A_Information_Processing/7.06%3A_RNA_Processing.txt |
Source: BiochemFFA_7_6.pdf. The entire textbook is available for free from the authors at http://biochem.science.oregonstate.edu/content/biochemistry-free-and-easy
Translation is the process by which information in mRNAs is used to direct the synthesis of proteins. As you have learned in introductory biology, in eukar... | textbooks/bio/Biochemistry/Book%3A_Biochemistry_Free_For_All_(Ahern_Rajagopal_and_Tan)/07%3A_Information_Processing/7.07%3A_Translation.txt |
Source: BiochemFFA_7_7.pdf. The entire textbook is available for free from the authors at http://biochem.science.oregonstate.edu/content/biochemistry-free-and-easy
The processes of transcription and translation described so far tell us what steps are involved in the copying of information from a gene (DNA) into RNA an... | textbooks/bio/Biochemistry/Book%3A_Biochemistry_Free_For_All_(Ahern_Rajagopal_and_Tan)/07%3A_Information_Processing/7.08%3A_Gene_Expression.txt |
Source: BiochemFFA_7_8.pdf. The entire textbook is available for free from the authors at http://biochem.science.oregonstate.edu/content/biochemistry-free-and-easy
Up to this point we have considered how cells carry out biochemical reactions and how they regulate the expression of the genes in response to their intern... | textbooks/bio/Biochemistry/Book%3A_Biochemistry_Free_For_All_(Ahern_Rajagopal_and_Tan)/07%3A_Information_Processing/7.09%3A_Signaling.txt |
The environment of a cell is very complex, making it difficult to study individual reactions, enzymes, or pathways in situ. The traditional approach used by biochemists for the study of these things is to isolate molecules, enzymes, DNAs, RNAs, and other items of interest so they can be analyzed independently of the mi... | textbooks/bio/Biochemistry/Book%3A_Biochemistry_Free_For_All_(Ahern_Rajagopal_and_Tan)/08%3A_Basic_Techniques/8.01%3A_Cell_Lysis.txt |
Fractionation of samples, as the name suggests, is a process of separating out the components or fractions of the lysate. Fractionation typically begins with centrifugation of the lysate. Using low-speed centrifugation, one can remove cell debris, leaving a supernatant containing the contents of the cell. By using succ... | textbooks/bio/Biochemistry/Book%3A_Biochemistry_Free_For_All_(Ahern_Rajagopal_and_Tan)/08%3A_Basic_Techniques/8.02%3A_Fractionation_and_Chromatography_Techniques.txt |
Electrophoresis uses an electric field applied across a gel matrix to separate large molecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins by charge and size. Samples are loaded into the wells of a gel matrix that can separate molecules by size and an electrical field is applied across the gel. This field causes negatively charged ... | textbooks/bio/Biochemistry/Book%3A_Biochemistry_Free_For_All_(Ahern_Rajagopal_and_Tan)/08%3A_Basic_Techniques/8.03%3A_Electrophoresis.txt |
While gel electrophoresis can be used to resolve molecules in a mixture, by itself, the technique does not permit the detection and identification of specific nucleic acid sequences or proteins. For example, the 2-D gel shown above clearly separates a large number of proteins in a sample into individual spots. However,... | textbooks/bio/Biochemistry/Book%3A_Biochemistry_Free_For_All_(Ahern_Rajagopal_and_Tan)/08%3A_Basic_Techniques/8.04%3A_Detection_identification_and_quantitation_of_specific_nucleic_acids_and_proteins.txt |
Consider a matrix containing all of the known gene sequences in a genome. To make such a matrix for analysis, one would need to make copies of every gene, either by chemical synthesis or by using the polymerase chain reaction. The strands of the resulting DNAs would then be separated to obtain single-stranded sequences... | textbooks/bio/Biochemistry/Book%3A_Biochemistry_Free_For_All_(Ahern_Rajagopal_and_Tan)/08%3A_Basic_Techniques/8.05%3A_Transcriptomics.txt |
Earlier in this chapter, we discussed methods such as column chromatography that are used to purify proteins of interest. Using combinations of these methods, it is possible to isolate a protein to a high degree of purity, thus enabling us to study the protein’s activity and properties. This problem is harder to solve ... | textbooks/bio/Biochemistry/Book%3A_Biochemistry_Free_For_All_(Ahern_Rajagopal_and_Tan)/08%3A_Basic_Techniques/8.06%3A_Isolating_Genes.txt |
Molecular cloning was the first method available to isolate a gene of interest and make many copies of it to obtain sufficient amounts of the DNA to study. Today, there is a faster and easier way to obtain large amounts of a DNA sequence of interest -the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR allows one to use the power ... | textbooks/bio/Biochemistry/Book%3A_Biochemistry_Free_For_All_(Ahern_Rajagopal_and_Tan)/08%3A_Basic_Techniques/8.07%3A_Polymerase_Chain_Reaction_%28PCR%29.txt |
In the central dogma, DNA codes for mRNA, which codes for protein. One known exception to the central dogma is exhibited by retroviruses. These RNA-encoded viruses have a phase in their life cycle in which their genomic RNA is converted back to DNA by a virally-encoded enzyme known as reverse transcriptase. The ability... | textbooks/bio/Biochemistry/Book%3A_Biochemistry_Free_For_All_(Ahern_Rajagopal_and_Tan)/08%3A_Basic_Techniques/8.08%3A_Reverse_Transcription.txt |
Another method for detecting molecular interactions is Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) - also called Förster resonance energy transfer, resonance energy transfer (RET) or electronic energy transfer (EET). The technique is based on the observation that a molecule excited by the absorption of light can tran... | textbooks/bio/Biochemistry/Book%3A_Biochemistry_Free_For_All_(Ahern_Rajagopal_and_Tan)/08%3A_Basic_Techniques/8.09%3A_FRET.txt |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.