24 entries with missing information

| docId | docOrigin | docISBN | docName | docMasterId | docPageNumber | derivedFrom | name | interpretedGenus | interpretedSpecies | interpretedAuthorityName | interpretedAuthorityYear | commonNames | taxonomy | subspeciesAndDistribution | descriptiveNotes | habitat | foodAndFeeding | breeding | activityPatterns | movementsHomeRangeAndSocialOrganization | statusAndConservation | bibliography | distributionImageURL | verbatimText
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205 | 0383245F2223977C8F09F4DEF81EFB14 | Handbook of the Mammals of the World ‚Äì Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions | 978-84-16728-19-0 | hbmw_9_Rhinonycteridae_194.pdf.imf | hash://md5/ffba5c272223977c8e73f509ffb1ffd0 | 194 | zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/83/24/0383245F2223977C8F09F4DEF81EFB14.xml |   |   |   |   | NA |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | Family RHINONYCTERIDAE (TRIDENT BATS) ‚Ä¢ Small insectivorous bats with rather small ears lacking tragus and typically large complex noseleaves that, in all but one species, have posterior margins with three tall pointed processes forming trident-like structures. ‚Ä¢ 6-12 cm. ‚Ä¢ Afrotropical, Australasian, and marginally Palearctic Regions. ‚Ä¢ From dry savannas to forest savannas and forests in tropics, marginally in subtropics. ‚Ä¢ 4 genera, 9 species, 9 taxa. ‚Ä¢ 1species Vulnerable; none extinct since 1600.
296 | 038D264C754FD70B84D4FE3C55D7FB15 | Handbook of the Mammals of the World ‚Äì Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions | 978-84-16728-19-0 | hbmw_9_Nycteridae_374.pdf.imf | hash://md5/ffb45e34754fd70b851affef527effbd | 374 | zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/8D/26/038D264C754FD70B84D4FE3C55D7FB15.xml |   |   |   |   | NA |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | Family NYCTERIDAE (SLIT-FACED BATS) ‚Ä¢ Small to medium-sized with relatively long and thick pelage, small eyes, distinctive cleft running longitudinally along muzzle that covers noseleaves, and long ears. ‚Ä¢ 7-17cm. ‚Ä¢ Afrotropical and Indo-Malayan regions. ‚Ä¢ Deserts, arid grasslands, savannas, and tropical forests from sea level to mid-elevations on mountains. ‚Ä¢ 1 genus, 15 species, 15 axa. ‚Ä¢ 1 species Vulnerable; none Extinct since 1600.
377 | 039187AC5C3E2A53F32608B938D2FB28 | Handbook of the Mammals of the World ‚Äì Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions | 978-84-16728-19-0 | hbmw_9_Furipteridae_412.pdf.imf | hash://md5/ffa8ffd45c3e2a53f03609113f64ffc4 | 412 | zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/91/87/039187AC5C3E2A53F32608B938D2FB28.xml |   |   |   |   | NA |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | Family FURIPTERIDAE (SMOKY BAT THUMBLESS BAT) ‚Ä¢ Small bats with thumb embedded in patagium, except tiny claw; pair of functional abdominal mammae; long, thick smoky to slate-gray dorsal fur, paler on venter;tail encased in uropatagium; muzzle blunt with oval or triangular nostrils; and large funnel-shaped ears. ‚Ä¢ 5-8 cm. ‚Ä¢ Neotropical Region. ‚Ä¢ Deserts into tropical deciduous and evergreen forests. ‚Ä¢ 2 genera, 2 species, 2 taxa. ‚Ä¢ 1 species Vulnerable; none Extinct since 1600.
627 | 03A637439157FFEBE687C89F289BA554 | Handbook of the Mammals of the World ‚Äì Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions | 978-84-16728-19-0 | hbmw_9_Mormoopidae_424.pdf.imf | hash://md5/ff9f4f3b9157ffebe472c9232f51a072 | 424 | zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/A6/37/03A637439157FFEBE687C89F289BA554.xml |   |   |   |   | NA |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | Family MORMOOPIDAE (GHOSTFACED, NAKED-BACKED AND MUSTACHED BATS) ‚Ä¢ Smallto medium-sized bats characterized by small eyes, large and funnel-shaped ears and complex lower lips with flap-like outgrowths. ‚Ä¢ 5-11 cm. ‚Ä¢ Nearctic and Neotropical Regions. ‚Ä¢ Arid and semiarid regions to coastal lowlands, tropical rainforest, and montane forests up to elevations of 2700 m . ‚Ä¢ 2 genera, 18 species, 24 taxa. ‚Ä¢] species Endangered; none Extinct since 1600.
742 | 03A687BCFFB1FFB111F5FE0AF85BF766 | Handbook of the Mammals of the World ‚Äì Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions | 978-84-16728-19-0 | hbmw_9_Phyllostomidae_444.pdf.imf | hash://md5/ff9fffc4ffb1ffb1133cffbaffe0f244 | 444 | zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/A6/87/03A687BCFFB1FFB111F5FE0AF85BF766.xml |   |   |   |   | NA |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | Family PHYLLOSTOMIDAE (NEW WORLD LEAF-NOSED BATS) ‚Ä¢ Relatively small to medium-sized bats with a usually welldevelopedfleshy noseleat above nostrils; great variation nN size. ‚Ä¢ 3.5-15. 5 cm . ‚Ä¢ Nearctic and Neotropical Regions . ‚Ä¢ Tropical rainforests, tropical dry forests, subtropical cloudforests, transformed landscapes, and deserts. ‚Ä¢ 60 genera, 217 species, 295 taxa . ‚Ä¢ 1 species Critically Endangered, 6 species Endangered, 7 species Vulnerable; none Extinct since 1600.
930 | 03AD87FAFF91F67F896D3090F9CEF648 | Handbook of the Mammals of the World ‚Äì Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions | 978-84-16728-19-0 | hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf | hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b | 143 | zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFF91F67F896D3090F9CEF648.xml |   |   |   |   | NA |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | 150. Island Flying Fox Pleropus hypomelanus French: Roussette hypom√©lane / German: Inselflughund / Spanish: Zorro volador pequeno Other common names: Small Flying Fox , Variable Flying Fox; Mearns's Flying Fox (mearnsi) Taxonomy. Pleropus hypomelanus Temminck, 1853 , ‚Äú1.‚Äôile de Ternate [= Ternate Island ],‚Äù Moluccas , Indonesia . Pteropus hypomelanus is in the griseus species group. Subspecies are in need of revision. Subspecies vulcanius by O. Thomas in 1915 is synonymized with luteus; subspecies satyrus, previously assigned to P. melanotus , 1s In needed of clarification. Sixteen subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution P.h.hypomelanusTemminck,1853‚ÄîNMoluccas(HalmaheraandTernate)P.h.annectensK.Andersen,1908‚ÄîSNatunaIs(Serasan)P.h.cagayanusMearns,1905‚ÄîP.h. . . . P.h.canusK.Andersen,1908‚ÄîNNatunaIsP.h.condorensisPeters,1869‚ÄîConDaoIs(Vietnam),andothersmallislandsintheGulfofThailand(CambodiaandThailand). . P.h.enganusG.S.Miller,1906‚ÄîMentawaiIsP.h.fretensisKloss,1916‚ÄîJarakIintheStraitsofMalaccaP.h.gemanorumG.S.Miller,1903‚ÄîMerguiArchipelagoinSMyanmar(SouthTwinI),WcoastofSThailandIs(KoSurin,Similan,Satun),andWcoastofPeninsularMalaysiaIs(Langkawi). . . P.h.lepidusG.S.Miller,1900‚ÄîTiomanandAurIs,offECoastofPeninsularMalaysia,andTambelanArchipelago,oftSWBorneo. P.h.luteusK.Andersen,1908‚ÄîafewrecordsonmainlandNEPapuaNewGuineabutspeciallyonislandsoffN&Ecoasts,alsoinAdmiraltyIs,BismarckArchipelago,Solomons(RussellIs),TrobriandandWoodlarkIs,D‚ÄôEntrecasteuxIs,andLouisiadeArchipelago. P.h.macassaricusHeude,1896‚ÄîSulawesi,Sangihe,andTalaudIs. P.h.marisG.M.Allen,1936‚ÄîMaldivesIs. P.h.robinson:K.Andersen,1909‚ÄîRumbiaIintheStraitsofMalacca. P.h.satyrusK.Andersen,1908‚ÄîAndamanIs(Narcondam)P.h.sitmalurusThomas,1923‚ÄîTapahIandothersatelliteislandsnearSimeulueI,offNWSumatra. . P. h. tomesii Peters, 1869 ‚Äî Labuan I and other offshore islands off NW Borneo. Descriptive notes. Head-body 194-225 mm (tailless), ear 24-27 mm , hindfoot 52- 68 mm , forearm 125-145 mm ; weight 300-420 g . Wingspans are 1000-1200 mm , depending on subspecies. Greatest lengths of skulls are 59-69 mm and tibias 56-62 mm . The Island Flying Fox is highly variable, with robust skull and laterally compressed rostrum. Forearm length and body mass vary among subspecies and geographical regions, but subspecific variations is primarily in color. Ears are somewhat broad and rounded. Fur is short and adpressed on back and humerus, with some longer hairs in middle of back. Tibia is naked. Base offur is dark brown. Wing membranes are brown and attach near spine. Subspecies in eastern end ofits distribution ( hypomelanus , luteus, and macassaricus) have dark brown backs and pale to ocherous bellies; luteus is considerably paler brown on front and back of body, with reddish brown on fore neck and sides of neck and brown head. Western subspecies have varieties of darker fur, some with sprinklings of grayish flecks and other variation in color, such as chestnut, cinnamon, or golden ocherous. Subspecies in the South China Sea area are slightly larger in average size of teeth, and subspecies enganus is significantly smaller in size overall and wholly dark in color. Subspecies geminorum is wholly dark, with two color morphs: one almost without bright colors and the other with grizzled extension of gray and black sprinkling on head, flanks, and sides of chest and belly; this morph might also occur in western and central subspecies. Skull has well-developed postorbital processes, and temporal ridges joined to form sagittal crest. Orbit is rather large. Coronoid is moderate and somewhat sloping. Canines are distinctly recurved, with narrow but distinct cingulum around entire base. Incisors are arranged in semicircle, with gap away from canines. P' is reduced and minute, lost in many adults. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 38 and FN = 72. Habitat. Secondary and mangrove forests (few records in primary forests) from sea level up to elevations of ¬¢. 900 m . The Island Flying Fox occurs on species-poor, small islands and primarily roosts on small offshore islands. Food and Feeding. Diet of the Island Flying Fox includes fruits, flowers, and nectar from natural and agroforestry habitats. Various Ficus species ( Moraceae ) make up significant parts ofits diet throughout its distribution. It also feeds on cultivated species. It uses flowers of Ceiba and Durio (both Malvaceae ); Cocos ( Arecaceae ); Pouteria ( Sapotaceae ); and Eucalyptus ( Myrtaceae ). It mostly feeds alone for an average of 21 seconds/flower, but individuals occasionally feed together on the same tree. When finished with a flower, an individual moved to the next flower by flying or crawling on the same branch; minimal flower damage was recorded. Individuals forage continuously throughout the night, frequently vocalizing and wing flapping, which generally decrease after 23:00 h. Breeding. Male and female Island Flying Foxes are reproductively mature at one year of age. Females typically give birth to one young once a year. Birthing peaks vary across the distribution. In the Philippines , females are pregnant around April and give birth in April-May. Young remain dependent on mothers for at least three months. On islands offshore of Papua New Guinea , females were lactating in August, and young were observed in May‚ÄîAugust. In captivity at Lubee Bat Conservancy (Gainesville, Florida), individuals originally wild caught in Indonesia in 1990 give birth year-round; males began aggressive reproductive behavior around October. Lactation lasts ¬¢.100 days. Activity patterns. Island Flying Foxes are nocturnal and leave roosts around dusk to forage. In Malaysia , individuals arrive at durian trees prior (at ¬¢.19:20 h) to other bat species. Individuals return to day roosts before dawn. The Island Flying Fox has lowerthan-expected basal metabolic rate. Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Island Flying Fox can fly 30- 50 km /night to forage and will skim within troughs of waves to reduce wind resistance when flying long distances. In Papua New Guinea , it commutes from its day roost on small offshore islands to other small islands to forage but rarely to the mainland unless strong winds make flying seaward difficult. It is gregarious and roosts colonially (up to 5000 individuals) in tall trees with low levels of disturbance but forms smaller colonies throughout much ofits distribution. Colonies are of mixed sexes, including females with dependent young. At day roosts, they rest and wing-flap, and occasionally engage in territorial interactions. In the Philippines , the Island Flying Fox roosts with other flying fox species; in Indonesia and Malaysia , most are single-species colonies. In Milne Bay islands, it sometimes roosts with the Spectacled Flying Fox ( P. conspicillatus ). Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Rate of decline throughout the distribution of the Island Flying Fox due to overhunting and ongoing habitat degradation from human activity and climate change is so far less than 30%. Continued rise in global sea level will result in loss of essential roosting habitat and might result in reclassification as Vulnerable. It is much more rare than in the past due to overhunting and habitat loss. Individuals are normally sold locally, making detection ofillegal killing difficult. Hunters use various methods from guns to nets and fishhooks hanging from lines. There are some resident populations in human-dominant landscapes (orchards and coastal resorts) that has led to conflict and persecution, sometimes resulting in hunting of bats or attempts to expel a colony from the site. Hunting of flying foxes in the Philippines is illegal, except by a few indigenous groups, but hunting is unregulated and therefore continues even today; fruit bat buyers prefer larger species but often buy the relatively small Island Flying Fox. Bibliography. Aimeida et al. (2014), Andersen (1912b), Aziz et al. (2017), Bonaccorso (1998), Corbet & Hill (1992), Flannery (1995a), Francis, Rosell-Ambal, Bonaccorso et al. (2008), Heaney et al. (2016), Ingle & Heaney (1992), Jones & Kunz (2000), Koopman (1979), Metrione et al. (2008), Rickart, Heaney & Rosenfeld (1989), Simmons (2005), Thomas (1915b).
984 | 03AD87FAFFC4F62A883F35AAF85BFB5F | Handbook of the Mammals of the World ‚Äì Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions | 978-84-16728-19-0 | hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf | hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b | 16 | zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFFC4F62A883F35AAF85BFB5F.xml |   |   |   |   | NA |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | Family PTEROPODIDAE (OLD WORLD FRUIT BATS) ‚Ä¢ Small to verylarge fruit and nectar feeding bats ofthe Old Worldtropics. ‚Ä¢ 6-40 cm. ‚Ä¢ Palearctic, Afrotropical, Indo-Malayan, and Australasian Regions. ‚Ä¢ From montane and lowland tropical rainforests to open woodlands and desert. ‚Ä¢ 46 genera, 191 species, at least 330 extant taxa. ‚Ä¢ ‚Ä¢ 8 species Critically Endangered, 16 species Endangered, 37 species Vulnerable; 6 species Extinct since 1600.
1121 | 03B0BC062413FFD5FC8BEB8EF84CFB3A | Handbook of the Mammals of the World ‚Äì Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions | 978-84-16728-19-0 | hbmw_9_Myzopodidae_388.pdf.imf | hash://md5/ff89c47e2413ffd5ff87ea47ff90ffc9 | 388 | zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/B0/BC/03B0BC062413FFD5FC8BEB8EF84CFB3A.xml |   |   |   |   | NA |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | Family MYZOPODIDAE ( MADAGASCAR SUCKER-FOOTED BATS) ‚Ä¢ Relatively small insectivorous bats, with distinctive sucker-like structure on wrists and ankles, as well as elon-gated ears with mushroom-like structure at their bases. ‚Ä¢ 9-11 cm. ‚Ä¢ Afrotropical Region ( Madagascar ). ‚Ä¢ Humid and dry deciduous forests, forest edges, and open areas with palms, and often marshy areas. ‚Ä¢ 1 genus, 2 species, 2 taxa. ‚Ä¢ No species threatened; none Extinct since 1600.
1203 | 03BD87A2C676A204FC35FDF5F6AE45AE | Handbook of the Mammals of the World ‚Äì Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions | 978-84-16728-19-0 | hbmw_9_Hipposideridae_210.pdf.imf | hash://md5/ff84ffdac676a204fff8ff9affef4346 | 227 | zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/BD/87/03BD87A2C676A204FC35FDF5F6AE45AE.xml |   |   |   |   | NA |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | Family HIPPOSIDERIDAE (OLD WORLD LEAF-NOSED BATS) ‚Ä¢ Small to large-sized insectivorous bats with soft fine pelage; small eyes; and distinctive, large, but simple noseleaves on top of muzzles. ‚Ä¢ 7-16 cm. ‚Ä¢ Palearctic, Afrotropical, Indo-Malayan, and Australasian Regions . ‚Ä¢ Deserts, arid grasslands, savannas, tropical forests, from sea level to mid-elevations on mountains. ‚Ä¢ 7 genera, 88 species, 129 taxa. ‚Ä¢ 2 species Critically Endangered, 1 Endangered, 13 Vulnerable; none Extinct since 1600.
1504 | 03D587F2FFCF4C04FEC43712F67EF9CD | Handbook of the Mammals of the World ‚Äì Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions | 978-84-16728-19-0 | hbmw_9_Emballorunidae.pdf.imd | hash://md5/ffecff8affcf4c04ffa53577fff8ffe9 | 349 | zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/D5/87/03D587F2FFCF4C04FEC43712F67EF9CD.xml |   |   |   |   | NA |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | Family EMBALLONURIDAE (SHEATH-TAILED BATS) ‚Ä¢ Small- to medium-sized insectivorous bats with tail protruding above uropatagium radio-metacarpal sacs and gular sac often prominent in males. ‚Ä¢ 3-5-17 cm. ‚Ä¢ Afrotropical , Indo-Malayan, Australasian , Neotropical, and Holarctic (marginally) Regions. ‚Ä¢ Closed and open forests to savannas and semi-deserts. ‚Ä¢ 14 genera, 54 species , 94 taxa. ‚Ä¢ 1 species Critically Endangered, 2 Endangered, 3 Vulnerable; none Extinct since 1600.
1551 | 03DABE4AFFE0FFA056EA45CEF873CD9F | Handbook of the Mammals of the World ‚Äì Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions | 978-84-16728-19-0 | hbmw_9_Noctilionidae_404.pdf.imf | hash://md5/ffe3c632ffe0ffa057444405ffa9c95b | 404 | zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/DA/BE/03DABE4AFFE0FFA056EA45CEF873CD9F.xml |   |   |   |   | NA |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | Family NOCTILIONIDAE (BULLDOG BATS) ‚Ä¢ Medium to large bats with very short fur; large, flappy cheek pouches and pointy, elongated ears; dull grayto bright orange pelage, with adult males tending to be brighter than females; very broad uropatagium; and medium to very large hindclaws. ‚Ä¢ 813 cm . ‚Ä¢ Neotropical and Nearctic (marginally) Regions. ‚Ä¢ Forests and savannas as long as there are some trees for roosting and water bodies for foraging. ‚Ä¢] genus, 2 species, 7 taxa. ‚Ä¢ No species threatened; none Extinct since 1600.
3094 | 194287C9FFBABA16B486F2CFB08FF240 | Handbook of the Mammals of the World ‚Äì Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions | 978-84-16728-19-0 | hbmw_9_Molossidae_598.pdf.imf | hash://md5/e57bffb1ffbcba10b412f760b226ffce | 625 | zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/19/42/87/194287C9FFBABA16B486F2CFB08FF240.xml |   |   |   |   | NA |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | 14. Bonda Mastiff Bat Molossus currentium Fund : Mousse de Banda Gƒ±mƒ±ƒ±ƒ±ƒ± Bonda-SamtÔ¨Çedermaus Spanish Moloso de Bonds Other common namas Thomass Free-ta ed Bat. Thomass Mast If Bat Thxonomy . Molossus obscuras cunmt√≠um Thomas, 1901 , ‚ÄúGoya, Conientcs∆í' Argentina . Molassus bondae was recently synonymized under M. cƒ±mmtium due to morphological similarities. Monotypic. Distribution . Disjunct in E Honduras , Nicaragua , Costa Rica , Panama , Colombia , NW Venezuela , and Ecuador that is separate from CW Brazil , N Paraguay , E Argentina , and Uruguay ; is potentially present in E Bolivia . Descriptive notes . Head‚Äîbody 66-80 mm , tail 34-44 mm , ear 13-16 mm , hindfoot 9-13 mm , foreann 38-43 mm ; weight 10-21 g . The Bonda Mastiff Bat medium-sized and smaller than the Sinaloan Mastiff Bat (M. sinaloa) and Alvarez's Mastiff Bat (M. alvafw) but larger than Pallas‚Äôs Mastiff Bat ( M. molossus ) and the Aztec MastiÔ¨Å Bat (M. aztecas). The Bonda Mastiff Bat has dark to medium brown dorsal hair, with narrow pale band at base that covers one-quarter to one-half the hair length. Reddish orange dorsal pelage also occurs in some populations. Dorsal fur is 2- 2 - 5 mm long. Venter is slightly paler than dorsurn. Membranes, face, muzzle, and ears are of similar color as fur. Ears are rounded and arise from same point on forehead. Tragus is small, and antitragus is constricted at its base. Upper lip and snout are smooth and lack any medial ridge. Skull has globose braincase, quadrangular occipital region, and infraorbital foramen opening laterally in frontal view. Basioccipital pits are moderately deep. I* spatulated or slightly elongated, with parallel or convergent tips. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 48 and FN = 66. Habitat . Savannas, palm forests, seasonally wet and Ô¨Çooded forests, subtropical moist lowlands, tropical rainforests, and pastures from lowlands to elevations of 1060 m in Central America and below 600 m in South America. Food and Feeding . The Bonda Mastiff Bat is an aerial insec√ºvore that mostly eat: moths but aim beetle: and other insets. Breeding . The Bonda Mastiff Bat usually gives birth to one young, and polyestry has been reported in Costa Rica , with pregnant females caught injanuary-Augtrst. In Nicaragua , pregnant females were caught in july. Activity patterns. Bonda Mastiff Bats roost in caves, hollow tree trunks, cracks in rocks and buildings, and thatch roofs. Movements, Home range and Soda! organization . Colonies of Bonda Mastiff Bats were found roosting with Argentine Serotines (Eptesiaƒ±sfƒ±ƒ±ƒ±inalis), long-tongued bats (Ghmophagu spp.), Sinaloan Mastiff Bats, Common Black Myotis ( Myotis nigricans ), Lesser Bulldog Bats (Nocliltb albiventnk), and Blaclt-winged Little Yellow Bats (Rhogmsa tumida). Status and Conservation . ClassiÔ¨Åed as Least Concern on The IUCNR√∏d List. The Bonda Mastiff Bat is found in protected areas in Paraguay and Argentina . ..‚Äû,.... ‚Äû,..‚Äû ..., w.w,......, ...a ..-....,,...... Bibliography Burnett eta! (2001) Dolan & Caner (1979). Eger (2008) Eƒ±senberg (1989), Gardner eta/ (1970). Koopman (19823. 1993). Laval (1977), Lava B¬´ Fitch (1977), L√≥pez-Gonz√°lez (( 9981:), Lopez-Gonzalez G¬´ Presley (2001), Loureƒ±ro. Gregonn √† Penn: (Z018) Mora (2016), Simmons (2005). Tamsrtt √•ƒ±valdƒ±vƒ±eso (1966). Ttmm √† Laval (1998). Valdlvleso (1964). Wƒ±llƒ±g at ll (2000)
3099 | 194287C9FFBCBA10B5A3F6AEB7C1FB06 | Handbook of the Mammals of the World ‚Äì Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions | 978-84-16728-19-0 | hbmw_9_Molossidae_598.pdf.imf | hash://md5/e57bffb1ffbcba10b412f760b226ffce | 598 | zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/19/42/87/194287C9FFBCBA10B5A3F6AEB7C1FB06.xml |   |   |   |   | NA |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | Family MOLOSSIDAE (FREE-TAILED BATS) ‚Ä¢ Insectivorous bats, no noseleaf; long narrow wings for fast flight; fairly large, typically conjoined ears; and tail protrudes beyond uropatagium. ‚Ä¢ 6-26 cm. ‚Ä¢ Nearctic, Neotropical, Palearctic, Afrotropical, Indo-Malayan, and Australasian Regions. ‚Ä¢ From deserts through savanna grasslands and forests. es 29 genera, 126 species, 150 taxa. ‚Ä¢ ‚Ä¢ 5 species Endangered, 6 species Vulnerable; none Extinct since 1600.
3937 | 290787FFFFA41873FE1E94CDED1131CD | Handbook of the Mammals of the World ‚Äì Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions | 978-84-16728-19-0 | hbmw_9_Natalidae_584.pdf.imf | hash://md5/d53eff87ffa41873ffba9505eb7b3516 | 589 | zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/29/07/87/290787FFFFA41873FE1E94CDED1131CD.xml |   |   |   |   | NA |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | Family NATALIDAE (FUNNEL-EARED BATS) ‚Ä¢ Very smallto medium-sized bats, with smooth, funnelshaped ears; very small eyes covered by mustache-like facial pelage; long legs and tail enclosed in membrane; broad wings; long, silky, and usually pale hair. ‚Ä¢ 8-12 cm . ‚Ä¢ Nearctic and Neotropical Regions. ‚Ä¢ Tropical zone of the New World from desert through wet forest to mountain areas. ‚Ä¢ 3 genera, 12 species, 12 taxa. ‚Ä¢ | species Critically Endangered, 2 species Vulnerable; none Extinct since 1600.
4907 | 4C3D87E8FFBE6A01FA8B933A1835B7FC | Handbook of the Mammals of the World ‚Äì Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions | 978-84-16728-19-0 | hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf | hash://md5/b004ff90fffb6a44fffc96591e00bb32 | 827 | zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/4C/3D/87/4C3D87E8FFBE6A01FA8B933A1835B7FC.xml |   |   |   |   | NA |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | 142. Social Sprite Arelulus societatis French: Farfadet des soci√©t√©s / German: Soziale Elfenfledermaus / Spanish: Arielulus social Other common names: Benom-gilded Pipistrelle , Social Pipistrelle Taxonomy. Pipistrellus societatis Hill, 1972 , Malaysia , ‚ÄúBase Camp, Gunong Benom, Pahang , Malaya [= Malaysia ], 3¬∞51'N , 102¬∞11'E , 800 ft. [= 244 m ].‚Äù Previously considered merely a lowland form of A. circumdatus , but this opinion was rejected on the basis of morphological characteristics. Monotypic. Distribution Known only from Peninsular Malaysia , including Selangor (Ulu Gombak) and Pahang (Sungai Tekam Forest Reserve, Gunung Benom, and Krau Wildlife Reserve) provinces. Also listed from Fraser‚Äôs Hill Forest Reserve, Pahang ; but this record needs verification. Descriptive notes. Head-body 41-44 mm, tail 33-37 mm, ear 8-5-9 mm, forearm 36-6‚Äî40-6 mm; weight 4-3-8-5 g. The Social Sprite closely resembles the Bronze Sprite ( A. circumdatus ), but with smaller forearms, post-palatal extension, tooth row, and rostrum. Dorsal pelage is blackish brown with orange or bronze tipping (hairs basally brown, blackish brown for most of length, and tipped orange or bronze); crown pelage is orange-tipped but with a small area of straw-color; underparts are dark brown, tipped grayish white. Ears are large and bluntly rounded, with posteriorly directed basal lobe; tragus is large, and ears have yellowish-white rims, as in congeners. Wings are uniformly black. Baculum is Y-shaped with paired basal lobes and short shaft. Skull is short and wide, with rounded, rather globular braincase, inflated and elevated in frontal region; interorbital region wide; supraorbital region crests only faintly defined, terminating in small tubercles; rostrum is shorter, and narrower than in the Bronze Sprite, with more inflated braincase. Dentition is similar to that of the Bronze Sprite, less massive, with M¬Æ reduced, and posterior cusp virtually absent. Condylo-basal lengths are 13-9-14-8 mm; maxillary tooth row lengths are 5-2-5-6 mm. Chromosomal complement has 2n= 50 and FN= 48. Habitat. Recorded in primary lowland and hill forests, and secondary forests. The type specimen was found near a stream at 266 m . Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Nocturnal. It was mist-netted above small ford on a tributary of the Gombak River . In Selangor , found roosting in a tree-trunk hole beside a forest stream. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List because its extent of occurrence is less than 20,000 km ?, its range is fragmented across forest patches, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to rapid deforestation. It occurs in Krau Wildlife Reserve. Bibliography. Bates, Francis & Csorba (2008), Boitani et al. (2006), Corbet & Hill (1992), Francis (2008a), Heller & Volleth (1984, 1989), Hill (1972, 1983), Hill & Francis (1984), Hill & Harrison (1987), Kingston , Francis et al. (2003), Kingston , Lim & Zubaid (2006), Lim et al. (2017), Medway (1983), Mohd-Hanif et a/.(2015), Simmons (2005).
5027 | 4C3D87E8FFFB6A44FE46978619FEBFEF | Handbook of the Mammals of the World ‚Äì Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions | 978-84-16728-19-0 | hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf | hash://md5/b004ff90fffb6a44fffc96591e00bb32 | 716 | zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/4C/3D/87/4C3D87E8FFFB6A44FE46978619FEBFEF.xml |   |   |   |   | NA |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | Family VESPERTILIONIDAE (VESPER BATS) ‚Ä¢ Small to medium-sized bats, with stout bodies, short to moderately long rostra, no elaborate nose appendages (except in a few genera), small to big ears, complete uropatagiumstretching to ends or just before ends of long tails, and generally long narrow wings. ‚Ä¢ 5-22 cm. ‚Ä¢ Worldwide, except Antarctica . ‚Ä¢ From arid deserts to temperate and tropical forests. ‚Ä¢ 54 genera, 496 species, at least 708 extant taxa. ‚Ä¢ 6 species Critically Endangered, 15 species Endangered, 27 species Vulnerable; 1 species Extinct since 1600.
5225 | 61143626C159FFE7FC88F09EF9E1FAF2 | Handbook of the Mammals of the World ‚Äì Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions | 978-84-16728-19-0 | hbmw_9_Mystacinidae_394.pdf.imf | hash://md5/9d2d4e5ec159ffe7ff80f125ff8dffff | 394 | zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/61/14/36/61143626C159FFE7FC88F09EF9E1FAF2.xml |   |   |   |   | NA |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | Family MYSTACINIDAE (NEW ZEALAND SHORT-TAILED BATS) ‚Ä¢ Medium-sized and tree-roosting, with short, dense, velvety brown fur on body and bare, gray-brown skin on ears, wings, nose, hindlegs, and tail. ‚Ä¢ 6-9 cm. ‚Ä¢ Australasian Region (New Zealand). ‚Ä¢ Mostly interiors of indigenous forests from sea level to high elevations but will cross open grassland and forages in scrub and non-native forest plantations. ‚Ä¢ 1 genus, 2 species, 4 taxa. ‚Ä¢ 1 species Critically Endangered, 1 species Vulnerable; none Extinct since 1600.
5250 | 67120269A43AE04DFE8FFE09F853FB77 | Handbook of the Mammals of the World ‚Äì Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions | 978-84-16728-19-0 | hbmw_9_Thyropteridae_418.pdf.imf | hash://md5/9b2b7a11a43ae04dffe6ffc7ff89ffd6 | 418 | zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/67/12/02/67120269A43AE04DFE8FFE09F853FB77.xml |   |   |   |   | NA |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | Family THYROPTERIDAE (DISK-WINGED BATS) ‚Ä¢ Small insectivorous bats with elongated slender muzzle and funnel-shaped ears and characterized by round or oval adhesive pads or disks on soles of hindfeet and below thumbs. ‚Ä¢ 6-9 cm. ‚Ä¢ Neotropical Region. ‚Ä¢ Lowland tropical forests. ‚Ä¢ 1 genus, 5 species, 5 taxa. ‚Ä¢ No species threatened; none Extinct since 1600.
5270 | 720CC525FFF94548ECA6FE686484FB54 | Handbook of the Mammals of the World ‚Äì Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions | 978-84-16728-19-0 | hbmw_9_Cistugidae_710.pdf.imf | hash://md5/8e35bd5dfff94548ed13ff8f634affed | 710 | zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/72/0C/C5/720CC525FFF94548ECA6FE686484FB54.xml |   |   |   |   | NA |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | Family CISTUGIDAE (WING-GLAND BATS) ‚Ä¢ Small, pipistrelle-like bats, with no special nose appendage, rather small ears, elongated tragus, and one or several small, translucent glands on wing membranes. ‚Ä¢ 7-10 cm. ‚Ä¢ Afrotropical Region. ‚Ä¢ Rocky outcrops in arid habitats, grasslands, and shrublands, often close to water. ‚Ä¢ 1 genus, 2 species, 2 taxa. ‚Ä¢ No species threatened; none Extinct since 1600.
5398 | 860EC8445717FFECFF48FE7FBF97FB28 | Handbook of the Mammals of the World ‚Äì Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions | 978-84-16728-19-0 | hbmw_9_Rhinopomatidae_164.pdf.imf | hash://md5/7a37b03c5717ffecffb6ffb0b83cffe1 | 164 | zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/86/0E/C8/860EC8445717FFECFF48FE7FBF97FB28.xml |   |   |   |   | NA |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | Family RHINOPOMATIDAE (MOUSE-TAILED BATS) ‚Ä¢ Smallto medium-sized insectivorous bats, with reduced tail membrane but free long tail; relatively large auricles, with tragus; and minute noseleaf above fleshy anterior pad of muzzle with dorsally oriented, valvular nostrils. ‚Ä¢ 10-16 cm. ‚Ä¢ Palearctic, Afrotropical, and Indo-Malayan regions. ‚Ä¢ Arid and semiarid habitats, roosting in caves, rocky niches, and man-made structures. ‚Ä¢ 1 genus, 6 species, 8 taxa. ‚Ä¢ 1 species Endangered; none Extinct since 1600.
5428 | 885887A2FFCF8A29FE0BFDEEF5BBDF21 | Handbook of the Mammals of the World ‚Äì Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions | 978-84-16728-19-0 | hbmw_9_Rhinolophidae.pdf.imf | hash://md5/7461ffdaffcf8a29ffccffa1ff85d963 | 260 | zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/88/58/87/885887A2FFCF8A29FE0BFDEEF5BBDF21.xml |   |   |   |   | NA |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | Family RHINOLOPHIDAE (HORSESHOE BATS) ‚Ä¢ Relatively small to medium-sized insectivorous bats with ornate facial growths including horseshoe-shaped plate between mouth and nares and ears without tragus. ‚Ä¢ 5-16- 5 cm . ‚Ä¢ Palearctic, Afrotropical , Indo-Malayan, and Australa¬≠ sian Regions . ‚Ä¢ Deserts, forests, and mountainous areas, mainly tropi¬≠ cal but extending into temperate regions to c. 52¬∞ N . ‚Ä¢ 1 genus, 109 species, 199 taxa. ‚Ä¢ 1 species Critically Endangered, 6 species Endangered, 6 species Vulnerable; none Extinct since 1600.
5697 | C13F1641FF8DFFE2FE98FE42F9DF6EC6 | Handbook of the Mammals of the World ‚Äì Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions | 978-84-16728-19-0 | hbmw_9_Megadermatidae_182.pdf.imf | hash://md5/3d066e39ff8dffe2ffd7ff8aff916a04 | 182 | zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/C1/3F/16/C13F1641FF8DFFE2FE98FE42F9DF6EC6.xml |   |   |   |   | NA |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | Family MEGADERMATIDAE (FALSE-VAMPIRES) ‚Ä¢ Medium to large bats, with long earsjoined above the forehead, large forked tragus, well-developed erect noseleaf, broad wings, large uropatagium, and no external tail. ‚Ä¢ 5-13 cm . ‚Ä¢ Afrotropical, Indo-Malayan, Australasian, and marginally Palearctic Regions. ‚Ä¢ Tropical and subtropical rainforests, dry forests, and savannas. ‚Ä¢ 6 genera, 6 species, 25 taxa. ‚Ä¢ 1 species Critically Endangered, 1 species Vulnerable; none Extinct since 1600.
5922 | DA564F57FF8AAC35E25CFE50F84E1CA1 | Handbook of the Mammals of the World ‚Äì Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions | 978-84-16728-19-0 | hbmw_9_Craesononycteridae_178.pdf.imf | hash://md5/266f372fff8aac35e341ffe0ffdf183d | 178 | zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/DA/56/4F/DA564F57FF8AAC35E25CFE50F84E1CA1.xml |   |   |   |   | NA |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | Family CRASEONYCTERIDAE (HOG-NOSED BAT) ‚Ä¢ Very small bats, often considered the smallest bat, even mammal, in the world, with hog-like nose; long body hair; very large, pointed-tipped ears; and short tail membrane without bonytail and calcar. ‚Ä¢ 3.3-5 cm. ‚Ä¢ Indo-Malayan Region. ‚Ä¢ Limestone caves in mixed or dry deciduous forests. ‚Ä¢ 1 genus, 1 species, 1 taxon. ‚Ä¢ 1 species Vulnerable; none Extinct since 1600.
6043 | E84887F9FFD6D6580B7BFE2016E532DE | Handbook of the Mammals of the World ‚Äì Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions | 978-84-16728-19-0 | hbmw_9_Miniopteridae_674.pdf.imf | hash://md5/1471ff81ffd6d6580a4affec112f3619 | 674 | zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/E8/48/87/E84887F9FFD6D6580B7BFE2016E532DE.xml |   |   |   |   | NA |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | Family MINIOPTERIDAE (LONG-FINGERED BATS) ‚Ä¢ Small to medium-sized bats, with simple muzzle and no nasal process or noseleaf, tail completely within uropatagium, and second phalanx of the third finger nearly three times as long as the first, with a characteristically bent appearance. ‚Ä¢ 9-13 cm. ‚Ä¢ Palearctic, Afrotropical, Indo-Malayan, and Australasian Regions . ‚Ä¢ (Cave roosting and all biomes, except deserts. ‚Ä¢ 1 genus, 38 species, 47 taxa. ‚Ä¢ 2 species Endangered; none Extinct since 1600.

21 descriptions these were family descriptions. Family descriptions don't have the same structure as species descriptions.
$ cat missing-bat-info-2022-08-23.csv.txt | grep -P "Family\s+[A-Z]+" | wc -l
21
e.g.,
6043,E84887F9FFD6D6580B7BFE2016E532DE,"Handbook of the Mammals of the World ‚Äì Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions",978-84-16728-19-0,hbmw_9_Miniopteridae_674.pdf.imf,hash://md5/1471ff81ffd6d6580a4affec112f3619,674,zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/E8/48/87/E84887F9FFD6D6580B7BFE2016E532DE.xml,,,,,NA,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Family MINIOPTERIDAE (LONG-FINGERED BATS) ‚Ä¢ Small to medium-sized bats, with simple muzzle and no nasal process or noseleaf, tail completely within uropatagium, and second phalanx of the third finger nearly three times as long as the first, with a characteristically bent appearance. ‚Ä¢ 9-13 cm. ‚Ä¢ Palearctic, Afrotropical, Indo-Malayan, and Australasian Regions . ‚Ä¢ (Cave roosting and all biomes, except deserts. ‚Ä¢ 1 genus, 38 species, 47 taxa. ‚Ä¢ 2 species Endangered; none Extinct since 1600."

the other remaining 4 non-families are:
,docId,docOrigin,docISBN,docName,docMasterId,docPageNumber,derivedFrom,name,interpretedGenus,interpretedSpecies,interpretedAuthorityName,interpretedAuthorityYear,commonNames,taxonomy,subspeciesAndDistribution,descriptiveNotes,habitat,foodAndFeeding,breeding,activityPatterns,movementsHomeRangeAndSocialOrganization,statusAndConservation,bibliography,distributionImageURL,verbatimText
930,03AD87FAFF91F67F896D3090F9CEF648,"Handbook of the Mammals of the World ‚Äì Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions",978-84-16728-19-0,hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf,hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b,143,zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFF91F67F896D3090F9CEF648.xml,,,,,NA,,,,,,,,,,,,,"150. Island Flying Fox Pleropus hypomelanus French: Roussette hypom√©lane / German: Inselflughund / Spanish: Zorro volador pequeno Other common names: Small Flying Fox , Variable Flying Fox; Mearns's Flying Fox (mearnsi) Taxonomy. Pleropus hypomelanus Temminck, 1853 , ‚Äú1.‚Äôile de Ternate [= Ternate Island ],‚Äù Moluccas , Indonesia . Pteropus hypomelanus is in the griseus species group. Subspecies are in need of revision. Subspecies vulcanius by O. Thomas in 1915 is synonymized with luteus; subspecies satyrus, previously assigned to P. melanotus , 1s In needed of clarification. Sixteen subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution P.h.hypomelanusTemminck,1853‚ÄîNMoluccas(HalmaheraandTernate)P.h.annectensK.Andersen,1908‚ÄîSNatunaIs(Serasan)P.h.cagayanusMearns,1905‚ÄîP.h. . . . P.h.canusK.Andersen,1908‚ÄîNNatunaIsP.h.condorensisPeters,1869‚ÄîConDaoIs(Vietnam),andothersmallislandsintheGulfofThailand(CambodiaandThailand). . P.h.enganusG.S.Miller,1906‚ÄîMentawaiIsP.h.fretensisKloss,1916‚ÄîJarakIintheStraitsofMalaccaP.h.gemanorumG.S.Miller,1903‚ÄîMerguiArchipelagoinSMyanmar(SouthTwinI),WcoastofSThailandIs(KoSurin,Similan,Satun),andWcoastofPeninsularMalaysiaIs(Langkawi). . . P.h.lepidusG.S.Miller,1900‚ÄîTiomanandAurIs,offECoastofPeninsularMalaysia,andTambelanArchipelago,oftSWBorneo. P.h.luteusK.Andersen,1908‚ÄîafewrecordsonmainlandNEPapuaNewGuineabutspeciallyonislandsoffN&Ecoasts,alsoinAdmiraltyIs,BismarckArchipelago,Solomons(RussellIs),TrobriandandWoodlarkIs,D‚ÄôEntrecasteuxIs,andLouisiadeArchipelago. P.h.macassaricusHeude,1896‚ÄîSulawesi,Sangihe,andTalaudIs. P.h.marisG.M.Allen,1936‚ÄîMaldivesIs. P.h.robinson:K.Andersen,1909‚ÄîRumbiaIintheStraitsofMalacca. P.h.satyrusK.Andersen,1908‚ÄîAndamanIs(Narcondam)P.h.sitmalurusThomas,1923‚ÄîTapahIandothersatelliteislandsnearSimeulueI,offNWSumatra. . P. h. tomesii Peters, 1869 ‚Äî Labuan I and other offshore islands off NW Borneo. Descriptive notes. Head-body 194-225 mm (tailless), ear 24-27 mm , hindfoot 52- 68 mm , forearm 125-145 mm ; weight 300-420 g . Wingspans are 1000-1200 mm , depending on subspecies. Greatest lengths of skulls are 59-69 mm and tibias 56-62 mm . The Island Flying Fox is highly variable, with robust skull and laterally compressed rostrum. Forearm length and body mass vary among subspecies and geographical regions, but subspecific variations is primarily in color. Ears are somewhat broad and rounded. Fur is short and adpressed on back and humerus, with some longer hairs in middle of back. Tibia is naked. Base offur is dark brown. Wing membranes are brown and attach near spine. Subspecies in eastern end ofits distribution ( hypomelanus , luteus, and macassaricus) have dark brown backs and pale to ocherous bellies; luteus is considerably paler brown on front and back of body, with reddish brown on fore neck and sides of neck and brown head. Western subspecies have varieties of darker fur, some with sprinklings of grayish flecks and other variation in color, such as chestnut, cinnamon, or golden ocherous. Subspecies in the South China Sea area are slightly larger in average size of teeth, and subspecies enganus is significantly smaller in size overall and wholly dark in color. Subspecies geminorum is wholly dark, with two color morphs: one almost without bright colors and the other with grizzled extension of gray and black sprinkling on head, flanks, and sides of chest and belly; this morph might also occur in western and central subspecies. Skull has well-developed postorbital processes, and temporal ridges joined to form sagittal crest. Orbit is rather large. Coronoid is moderate and somewhat sloping. Canines are distinctly recurved, with narrow but distinct cingulum around entire base. Incisors are arranged in semicircle, with gap away from canines. P' is reduced and minute, lost in many adults. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 38 and FN = 72. Habitat. Secondary and mangrove forests (few records in primary forests) from sea level up to elevations of ¬¢. 900 m . The Island Flying Fox occurs on species-poor, small islands and primarily roosts on small offshore islands. Food and Feeding. Diet of the Island Flying Fox includes fruits, flowers, and nectar from natural and agroforestry habitats. Various Ficus species ( Moraceae ) make up significant parts ofits diet throughout its distribution. It also feeds on cultivated species. It uses flowers of Ceiba and Durio (both Malvaceae ); Cocos ( Arecaceae ); Pouteria ( Sapotaceae ); and Eucalyptus ( Myrtaceae ). It mostly feeds alone for an average of 21 seconds/flower, but individuals occasionally feed together on the same tree. When finished with a flower, an individual moved to the next flower by flying or crawling on the same branch; minimal flower damage was recorded. Individuals forage continuously throughout the night, frequently vocalizing and wing flapping, which generally decrease after 23:00 h. Breeding. Male and female Island Flying Foxes are reproductively mature at one year of age. Females typically give birth to one young once a year. Birthing peaks vary across the distribution. In the Philippines , females are pregnant around April and give birth in April-May. Young remain dependent on mothers for at least three months. On islands offshore of Papua New Guinea , females were lactating in August, and young were observed in May‚ÄîAugust. In captivity at Lubee Bat Conservancy (Gainesville, Florida), individuals originally wild caught in Indonesia in 1990 give birth year-round; males began aggressive reproductive behavior around October. Lactation lasts ¬¢.100 days. Activity patterns. Island Flying Foxes are nocturnal and leave roosts around dusk to forage. In Malaysia , individuals arrive at durian trees prior (at ¬¢.19:20 h) to other bat species. Individuals return to day roosts before dawn. The Island Flying Fox has lowerthan-expected basal metabolic rate. Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Island Flying Fox can fly 30- 50 km /night to forage and will skim within troughs of waves to reduce wind resistance when flying long distances. In Papua New Guinea , it commutes from its day roost on small offshore islands to other small islands to forage but rarely to the mainland unless strong winds make flying seaward difficult. It is gregarious and roosts colonially (up to 5000 individuals) in tall trees with low levels of disturbance but forms smaller colonies throughout much ofits distribution. Colonies are of mixed sexes, including females with dependent young. At day roosts, they rest and wing-flap, and occasionally engage in territorial interactions. In the Philippines , the Island Flying Fox roosts with other flying fox species; in Indonesia and Malaysia , most are single-species colonies. In Milne Bay islands, it sometimes roosts with the Spectacled Flying Fox ( P. conspicillatus ). Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Rate of decline throughout the distribution of the Island Flying Fox due to overhunting and ongoing habitat degradation from human activity and climate change is so far less than 30%. Continued rise in global sea level will result in loss of essential roosting habitat and might result in reclassification as Vulnerable. It is much more rare than in the past due to overhunting and habitat loss. Individuals are normally sold locally, making detection ofillegal killing difficult. Hunters use various methods from guns to nets and fishhooks hanging from lines. There are some resident populations in human-dominant landscapes (orchards and coastal resorts) that has led to conflict and persecution, sometimes resulting in hunting of bats or attempts to expel a colony from the site. Hunting of flying foxes in the Philippines is illegal, except by a few indigenous groups, but hunting is unregulated and therefore continues even today; fruit bat buyers prefer larger species but often buy the relatively small Island Flying Fox. Bibliography. Aimeida et al. (2014), Andersen (1912b), Aziz et al. (2017), Bonaccorso (1998), Corbet & Hill (1992), Flannery (1995a), Francis, Rosell-Ambal, Bonaccorso et al. (2008), Heaney et al. (2016), Ingle & Heaney (1992), Jones & Kunz (2000), Koopman (1979), Metrione et al. (2008), Rickart, Heaney & Rosenfeld (1989), Simmons (2005), Thomas (1915b)."
3094,194287C9FFBABA16B486F2CFB08FF240,"Handbook of the Mammals of the World ‚Äì Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions",978-84-16728-19-0,hbmw_9_Molossidae_598.pdf.imf,hash://md5/e57bffb1ffbcba10b412f760b226ffce,625,zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/19/42/87/194287C9FFBABA16B486F2CFB08FF240.xml,,,,,NA,,,,,,,,,,,,,"14. Bonda Mastiff Bat Molossus currentium Fund : Mousse de Banda Gƒ±mƒ±ƒ±ƒ±ƒ± Bonda-SamtÔ¨Çedermaus Spanish Moloso de Bonds Other common namas Thomass Free-ta ed Bat. Thomass Mast If Bat Thxonomy . Molossus obscuras cunmt√≠um Thomas, 1901 , ‚ÄúGoya, Conientcs∆í' Argentina . Molassus bondae was recently synonymized under M. cƒ±mmtium due to morphological similarities. Monotypic. Distribution . Disjunct in E Honduras , Nicaragua , Costa Rica , Panama , Colombia , NW Venezuela , and Ecuador that is separate from CW Brazil , N Paraguay , E Argentina , and Uruguay ; is potentially present in E Bolivia . Descriptive notes . Head‚Äîbody 66-80 mm , tail 34-44 mm , ear 13-16 mm , hindfoot 9-13 mm , foreann 38-43 mm ; weight 10-21 g . The Bonda Mastiff Bat medium-sized and smaller than the Sinaloan Mastiff Bat (M. sinaloa) and Alvarez's Mastiff Bat (M. alvafw) but larger than Pallas‚Äôs Mastiff Bat ( M. molossus ) and the Aztec MastiÔ¨Å Bat (M. aztecas). The Bonda Mastiff Bat has dark to medium brown dorsal hair, with narrow pale band at base that covers one-quarter to one-half the hair length. Reddish orange dorsal pelage also occurs in some populations. Dorsal fur is 2- 2 - 5 mm long. Venter is slightly paler than dorsurn. Membranes, face, muzzle, and ears are of similar color as fur. Ears are rounded and arise from same point on forehead. Tragus is small, and antitragus is constricted at its base. Upper lip and snout are smooth and lack any medial ridge. Skull has globose braincase, quadrangular occipital region, and infraorbital foramen opening laterally in frontal view. Basioccipital pits are moderately deep. I* spatulated or slightly elongated, with parallel or convergent tips. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 48 and FN = 66. Habitat . Savannas, palm forests, seasonally wet and Ô¨Çooded forests, subtropical moist lowlands, tropical rainforests, and pastures from lowlands to elevations of 1060 m in Central America and below 600 m in South America. Food and Feeding . The Bonda Mastiff Bat is an aerial insec√ºvore that mostly eat: moths but aim beetle: and other insets. Breeding . The Bonda Mastiff Bat usually gives birth to one young, and polyestry has been reported in Costa Rica , with pregnant females caught injanuary-Augtrst. In Nicaragua , pregnant females were caught in july. Activity patterns. Bonda Mastiff Bats roost in caves, hollow tree trunks, cracks in rocks and buildings, and thatch roofs. Movements, Home range and Soda! organization . Colonies of Bonda Mastiff Bats were found roosting with Argentine Serotines (Eptesiaƒ±sfƒ±ƒ±ƒ±inalis), long-tongued bats (Ghmophagu spp.), Sinaloan Mastiff Bats, Common Black Myotis ( Myotis nigricans ), Lesser Bulldog Bats (Nocliltb albiventnk), and Blaclt-winged Little Yellow Bats (Rhogmsa tumida). Status and Conservation . ClassiÔ¨Åed as Least Concern on The IUCNR√∏d List. The Bonda Mastiff Bat is found in protected areas in Paraguay and Argentina . ..‚Äû,.... ‚Äû,..‚Äû ..., w.w,......, ...a ..-....,,...... Bibliography Burnett eta! (2001) Dolan & Caner (1979). Eger (2008) Eƒ±senberg (1989), Gardner eta/ (1970). Koopman (19823. 1993). Laval (1977), Lava B¬´ Fitch (1977), L√≥pez-Gonz√°lez (( 9981:), Lopez-Gonzalez G¬´ Presley (2001), Loureƒ±ro. Gregonn √† Penn: (Z018) Mora (2016), Simmons (2005). Tamsrtt √•ƒ±valdƒ±vƒ±eso (1966). Ttmm √† Laval (1998). Valdlvleso (1964). Wƒ±llƒ±g at ll (2000)"
4907,4C3D87E8FFBE6A01FA8B933A1835B7FC,"Handbook of the Mammals of the World ‚Äì Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions",978-84-16728-19-0,hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf,hash://md5/b004ff90fffb6a44fffc96591e00bb32,827,zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/4C/3D/87/4C3D87E8FFBE6A01FA8B933A1835B7FC.xml,,,,,NA,,,,,,,,,,,,,"142. Social Sprite Arelulus societatis French: Farfadet des soci√©t√©s / German: Soziale Elfenfledermaus / Spanish: Arielulus social Other common names: Benom-gilded Pipistrelle , Social Pipistrelle Taxonomy. Pipistrellus societatis Hill, 1972 , Malaysia , ‚ÄúBase Camp, Gunong Benom, Pahang , Malaya [= Malaysia ], 3¬∞51'N , 102¬∞11'E , 800 ft. [= 244 m ].‚Äù Previously considered merely a lowland form of A. circumdatus , but this opinion was rejected on the basis of morphological characteristics. Monotypic. Distribution Known only from Peninsular Malaysia , including Selangor (Ulu Gombak) and Pahang (Sungai Tekam Forest Reserve, Gunung Benom, and Krau Wildlife Reserve) provinces. Also listed from Fraser‚Äôs Hill Forest Reserve, Pahang ; but this record needs verification. Descriptive notes. Head-body 41-44 mm, tail 33-37 mm, ear 8-5-9 mm, forearm 36-6‚Äî40-6 mm; weight 4-3-8-5 g. The Social Sprite closely resembles the Bronze Sprite ( A. circumdatus ), but with smaller forearms, post-palatal extension, tooth row, and rostrum. Dorsal pelage is blackish brown with orange or bronze tipping (hairs basally brown, blackish brown for most of length, and tipped orange or bronze); crown pelage is orange-tipped but with a small area of straw-color; underparts are dark brown, tipped grayish white. Ears are large and bluntly rounded, with posteriorly directed basal lobe; tragus is large, and ears have yellowish-white rims, as in congeners. Wings are uniformly black. Baculum is Y-shaped with paired basal lobes and short shaft. Skull is short and wide, with rounded, rather globular braincase, inflated and elevated in frontal region; interorbital region wide; supraorbital region crests only faintly defined, terminating in small tubercles; rostrum is shorter, and narrower than in the Bronze Sprite, with more inflated braincase. Dentition is similar to that of the Bronze Sprite, less massive, with M¬Æ reduced, and posterior cusp virtually absent. Condylo-basal lengths are 13-9-14-8 mm; maxillary tooth row lengths are 5-2-5-6 mm. Chromosomal complement has 2n= 50 and FN= 48. Habitat. Recorded in primary lowland and hill forests, and secondary forests. The type specimen was found near a stream at 266 m . Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Nocturnal. It was mist-netted above small ford on a tributary of the Gombak River . In Selangor , found roosting in a tree-trunk hole beside a forest stream. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List because its extent of occurrence is less than 20,000 km ?, its range is fragmented across forest patches, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to rapid deforestation. It occurs in Krau Wildlife Reserve. Bibliography. Bates, Francis & Csorba (2008), Boitani et al. (2006), Corbet & Hill (1992), Francis (2008a), Heller & Volleth (1984, 1989), Hill (1972, 1983), Hill & Francis (1984), Hill & Harrison (1987), Kingston , Francis et al. (2003), Kingston , Lim & Zubaid (2006), Lim et al. (2017), Medway (1983), Mohd-Hanif et a/.(2015), Simmons (2005)."

Appears that remaining species description were not picked up due to variation in OCR-ed text.
For instance Thxonomy was found where Taxonomy was expected in https://github.com/bio-guoda/preston/blob/a6ccfe5f9216a1793bdc02aa890fd85b291e7854/preston-plazi/src/test/resources/bio/guoda/preston/cmd/194287C9FFBABA16B486F2CFB08FF240.xml .
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<vernacularName box="[219,594,1455,1497]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Bonda Mastiff Bat</vernacularName>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1901" box="[662,1036,1455,1497]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Molossus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="625" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="currentium">
<emphasis box="[662,1036,1455,1497]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Molossus currentium</emphasis>
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[143,208,1516,1535]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Fund</emphasis>
: Mousse de Banda
<emphasis bold="true" box="[436,522,1516,1535]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Gımıııı</emphasis>
Bonda-Samtﬂedermaus
<emphasis bold="true" box="[792,878,1516,1539]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Spanish</emphasis>
Moloso de Bonds
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="6.[143,1069,1516,1577]" box="[143,866,1555,1577]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Other common namas Thomass Free-ta ed Bat. Thomass Mast If Bat</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="6.[754,1349,1629,2057]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[755,903,1629,1662]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Thxonomy</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName authority="Thomas, 1901" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1901" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Molossus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="625" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="obscuras" subSpecies="cunmtium">Molossus obscuras cunmtíum Thomas, 1901</taxonomicName>
,
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“Goya, Conientcsƒ'
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<paragraph blockId="6.[754,1349,1629,2057]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Molassus bondae was recently synonymized under M. cımmtium due to morphological similarities. Monotypic.</paragraph>
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[756,925,1866,1890]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Distribution</emphasis>
. Disjunct in E
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,
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,
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,
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,
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, NW
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, and
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that is separate from CW
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, N
<collectingCountry box="[1180,1305,1985,2017]" name="Paraguay" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
, E
<collectingCountry box="[754,897,2024,2057]" name="Argentina" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Argentina</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry box="[987,1109,2024,2057]" name="Uruguay" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
; is potentially present in E
<collectingCountry box="[324,418,2064,2087]" name="Bolivia" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="625" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="625">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[143,391,2102,2135]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Descriptive notes</emphasis>
. Head—body
<quantity box="[588,740,2102,2127]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.3" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="6.6" pageId="6" pageNumber="625" unit="mm" value="73.0" valueMax="80.0" valueMin="66.0">66-80 mm</quantity>
, tail
<quantity box="[819,970,2103,2127]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" metricValueMax="4.4" metricValueMin="3.4" pageId="6" pageNumber="625" unit="mm" value="39.0" valueMax="44.0" valueMin="34.0">34-44 mm</quantity>
, ear
<quantity box="[1053,1201,2103,2127]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="6" pageNumber="625" unit="mm" value="14.5" valueMax="16.0" valueMin="13.0">13-16 mm</quantity>
, hindfoot
<quantity box="[143,278,2142,2166]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="6" pageNumber="625" unit="mm" value="11.0" valueMax="13.0" valueMin="9.0">9-13 mm</quantity>
, foreann
<quantity box="[429,580,2142,2166]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.05" metricValueMax="4.3" metricValueMin="3.8" pageId="6" pageNumber="625" unit="mm" value="40.5" valueMax="43.0" valueMin="38.0">38-43 mm</quantity>
; weight
<quantity box="[711,821,2142,2175]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.55" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="625" unit="g" value="15.5" valueMax="21.0" valueMin="10.0">10-21 g</quantity>
. The Bonda Mastiff Bat medium-sized and smaller than the Sinaloan Mastiff Bat (M. sinaloa) and Alvarez's Mastiff Bat (M. alvafw) but larger than Pallas’s Mastiff Bat (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1766" box="[855,1015,2221,2250]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Molossus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="625" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="molossus">M. molossus</taxonomicName>
) and the Aztec Mastiﬁ Bat (M. aztecas). The Bonda Mastiff Bat has dark to medium brown dorsal hair, with narrow pale band at base that covers one-quarter to one-half the hair length. Reddish orange dorsal pelage also occurs in some populations. Dorsal fur is 2-
<quantity box="[1151,1263,2340,2364]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="625" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="2.0">2 - 5 mm</quantity>
long. Venter is slightly paler than dorsurn. Membranes, face, muzzle, and ears are of similar color as fur. Ears are rounded and arise from same point on forehead. Tragus is small, and antitragus is constricted at its base. Upper lip and snout are smooth and lack any medial ridge. Skull has globose braincase, quadrangular occipital region, and infraorbital foramen opening laterally in frontal view. Basioccipital pits are moderately deep. I* spatulated or slightly elongated, with parallel or convergent tips. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 48 and FN = 66.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="625" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="625">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[142,248,2655,2679]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Habitat</emphasis>
. Savannas, palm forests, seasonally wet and ﬂooded forests, subtropical moist lowlands, tropical rainforests, and pastures from lowlands to elevations of
<quantity box="[1205,1307,2695,2719]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.06" pageId="6" pageNumber="625" unit="m" value="1060.0">1060 m</quantity>
in Central America and below
<quantity box="[537,623,2734,2758]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="625" unit="m" value="600.0">600 m</quantity>
in South America.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="625" type="food_feeding">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="625">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[142,409,2773,2806]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Food and Feeding</emphasis>
. The Bonda Mastiff Bat is an aerial insecüvore that mostly eat: moths but aim beetle: and other insets.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="625" type="activity">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="625">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[142,271,2852,2885]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Breeding</emphasis>
. The Bonda Mastiff Bat usually gives birth to one young, and polyestry has been reported in
<collectingCountry box="[390,536,2891,2915]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
, with pregnant females caught injanuary-Augtrst. In
<collectingCountry name="Nicaragua" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
, pregnant females were caught in july.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="625" type="activity">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="625">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[141,377,2970,3003]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
Bonda Mastiff Bats roost in caves, hollow tree trunks, cracks in rocks and buildings, and thatch roofs.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="625" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph lastBlockId="6.[145,256,3207,3236]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[142,867,3049,3082]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Movements, Home range and Soda! organization</emphasis>
. Colonies of Bonda Mastiff Bats were found roosting with
<collectingCountry box="[512,654,3089,3121]" name="Argentina" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Argentine</collectingCountry>
Serotines (Eptesiaısfıııinalis), long-tongued bats (Ghmophagu spp.), Sinaloan Mastiff Bats, Common Black Myotis (
<taxonomicName box="[1109,1330,3129,3161]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="625" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigricans">Myotis nigricans</taxonomicName>
), Lesser Bulldog Bats (Nocliltb albiventnk), and Blaclt-winged Little Yellow Bats (Rhogmsa tumida).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="625" type="conservation">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="625">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[142,483,3246,3271]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Status and Conservation</emphasis>
. Classiﬁed as Least Concern on The IUCNRød List. The Bonda Mastiff Bat is found in protected areas in
<collectingCountry box="[725,852,3286,3319]" name="Paraguay" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry box="[921,1064,3287,3319]" name="Argentina" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Argentina</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<paragraph blockId="6.[1411,2626,2458,3478]" box="[1418,2007,3304,3320]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">..„,.... „,..„ ..., w.w,......, ...a ..-....,,......</paragraph>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="625" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="625">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[142,291,3330,3354]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Bibliography</emphasis>
Burnett eta! (2001) Dolan & Caner (1979). Eger (2008) Eısenberg (1989), Gardner eta/ (1970). Koopman (19823. 1993). Laval (1977), Lava B« Fitch (1977), López-González (( 9981:), Lopez-Gonzalez G« Presley (2001), Loureıro. Gregonn à Penn: (Z018) Mora (2016), Simmons (2005). Tamsrtt åıvaldıvıeso (1966). Ttmm à Laval (1998). Valdlvleso (1964). Wıllıg at ll (2000)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

workaround implemented in attempt to catch all.

After adjustments, the information related to the 3 missing species now appear to have been populated:
cat hmw.json | grep -E "03AD87FAFF91F67F896D3090F9CEF648|194287C9FFBABA16B486F2CFB08FF240|4C3D87E8FFBE6A01FA8B933A1835B7FC" | jq .

produces:
{
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  "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type": "application/plazi+xml",
  "docId": "03AD87FAFF91F67F896D3090F9CEF648",
  "docName": "hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf",
  "docOrigin": "Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions",
  "docMasterId": "hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b",
  "docISBN": "978-84-16728-19-0",
  "docPageNumber": "143",
  "verbatimText": "150. Island Flying Fox Pleropus hypomelanus French: Roussette hypomélane / German: Inselflughund / Spanish: Zorro volador pequeno Other common names: Small Flying Fox , Variable Flying Fox; Mearns's Flying Fox (mearnsi) Taxonomy. Pleropus hypomelanus Temminck, 1853 , “1.’ile de Ternate [= Ternate Island ],” Moluccas , Indonesia . Pteropus hypomelanus is in the griseus species group. Subspecies are in need of revision. Subspecies vulcanius by O. Thomas in 1915 is synonymized with luteus; subspecies satyrus, previously assigned to P. melanotus , 1s In needed of clarification. Sixteen subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution P.h.hypomelanusTemminck,1853—NMoluccas(HalmaheraandTernate)P.h.annectensK.Andersen,1908—SNatunaIs(Serasan)P.h.cagayanusMearns,1905—P.h. . . . P.h.canusK.Andersen,1908—NNatunaIsP.h.condorensisPeters,1869—ConDaoIs(Vietnam),andothersmallislandsintheGulfofThailand(CambodiaandThailand). . P.h.enganusG.S.Miller,1906—MentawaiIsP.h.fretensisKloss,1916—JarakIintheStraitsofMalaccaP.h.gemanorumG.S.Miller,1903—MerguiArchipelagoinSMyanmar(SouthTwinI),WcoastofSThailandIs(KoSurin,Similan,Satun),andWcoastofPeninsularMalaysiaIs(Langkawi). . . P.h.lepidusG.S.Miller,1900—TiomanandAurIs,offECoastofPeninsularMalaysia,andTambelanArchipelago,oftSWBorneo. P.h.luteusK.Andersen,1908—afewrecordsonmainlandNEPapuaNewGuineabutspeciallyonislandsoffN&Ecoasts,alsoinAdmiraltyIs,BismarckArchipelago,Solomons(RussellIs),TrobriandandWoodlarkIs,D’EntrecasteuxIs,andLouisiadeArchipelago. P.h.macassaricusHeude,1896—Sulawesi,Sangihe,andTalaudIs. P.h.marisG.M.Allen,1936—MaldivesIs. P.h.robinson:K.Andersen,1909—RumbiaIintheStraitsofMalacca. P.h.satyrusK.Andersen,1908—AndamanIs(Narcondam)P.h.sitmalurusThomas,1923—TapahIandothersatelliteislandsnearSimeulueI,offNWSumatra. . P. h. tomesii Peters, 1869 — Labuan I and other offshore islands off NW Borneo. Descriptive notes. Head-body 194-225 mm (tailless), ear 24-27 mm , hindfoot 52- 68 mm , forearm 125-145 mm ; weight 300-420 g . Wingspans are 1000-1200 mm , depending on subspecies. Greatest lengths of skulls are 59-69 mm and tibias 56-62 mm . The Island Flying Fox is highly variable, with robust skull and laterally compressed rostrum. Forearm length and body mass vary among subspecies and geographical regions, but subspecific variations is primarily in color. Ears are somewhat broad and rounded. Fur is short and adpressed on back and humerus, with some longer hairs in middle of back. Tibia is naked. Base offur is dark brown. Wing membranes are brown and attach near spine. Subspecies in eastern end ofits distribution ( hypomelanus , luteus, and macassaricus) have dark brown backs and pale to ocherous bellies; luteus is considerably paler brown on front and back of body, with reddish brown on fore neck and sides of neck and brown head. Western subspecies have varieties of darker fur, some with sprinklings of grayish flecks and other variation in color, such as chestnut, cinnamon, or golden ocherous. Subspecies in the South China Sea area are slightly larger in average size of teeth, and subspecies enganus is significantly smaller in size overall and wholly dark in color. Subspecies geminorum is wholly dark, with two color morphs: one almost without bright colors and the other with grizzled extension of gray and black sprinkling on head, flanks, and sides of chest and belly; this morph might also occur in western and central subspecies. Skull has well-developed postorbital processes, and temporal ridges joined to form sagittal crest. Orbit is rather large. Coronoid is moderate and somewhat sloping. Canines are distinctly recurved, with narrow but distinct cingulum around entire base. Incisors are arranged in semicircle, with gap away from canines. P' is reduced and minute, lost in many adults. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 38 and FN = 72. Habitat. Secondary and mangrove forests (few records in primary forests) from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 900 m . The Island Flying Fox occurs on species-poor, small islands and primarily roosts on small offshore islands. Food and Feeding. Diet of the Island Flying Fox includes fruits, flowers, and nectar from natural and agroforestry habitats. Various Ficus species ( Moraceae ) make up significant parts ofits diet throughout its distribution. It also feeds on cultivated species. It uses flowers of Ceiba and Durio (both Malvaceae ); Cocos ( Arecaceae ); Pouteria ( Sapotaceae ); and Eucalyptus ( Myrtaceae ). It mostly feeds alone for an average of 21 seconds/flower, but individuals occasionally feed together on the same tree. When finished with a flower, an individual moved to the next flower by flying or crawling on the same branch; minimal flower damage was recorded. Individuals forage continuously throughout the night, frequently vocalizing and wing flapping, which generally decrease after 23:00 h. Breeding. Male and female Island Flying Foxes are reproductively mature at one year of age. Females typically give birth to one young once a year. Birthing peaks vary across the distribution. In the Philippines , females are pregnant around April and give birth in April-May. Young remain dependent on mothers for at least three months. On islands offshore of Papua New Guinea , females were lactating in August, and young were observed in May—August. In captivity at Lubee Bat Conservancy (Gainesville, Florida), individuals originally wild caught in Indonesia in 1990 give birth year-round; males began aggressive reproductive behavior around October. Lactation lasts ¢.100 days. Activity patterns. Island Flying Foxes are nocturnal and leave roosts around dusk to forage. In Malaysia , individuals arrive at durian trees prior (at ¢.19:20 h) to other bat species. Individuals return to day roosts before dawn. The Island Flying Fox has lowerthan-expected basal metabolic rate. Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Island Flying Fox can fly 30- 50 km /night to forage and will skim within troughs of waves to reduce wind resistance when flying long distances. In Papua New Guinea , it commutes from its day roost on small offshore islands to other small islands to forage but rarely to the mainland unless strong winds make flying seaward difficult. It is gregarious and roosts colonially (up to 5000 individuals) in tall trees with low levels of disturbance but forms smaller colonies throughout much ofits distribution. Colonies are of mixed sexes, including females with dependent young. At day roosts, they rest and wing-flap, and occasionally engage in territorial interactions. In the Philippines , the Island Flying Fox roosts with other flying fox species; in Indonesia and Malaysia , most are single-species colonies. In Milne Bay islands, it sometimes roosts with the Spectacled Flying Fox ( P. conspicillatus ). Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Rate of decline throughout the distribution of the Island Flying Fox due to overhunting and ongoing habitat degradation from human activity and climate change is so far less than 30%. Continued rise in global sea level will result in loss of essential roosting habitat and might result in reclassification as Vulnerable. It is much more rare than in the past due to overhunting and habitat loss. Individuals are normally sold locally, making detection ofillegal killing difficult. Hunters use various methods from guns to nets and fishhooks hanging from lines. There are some resident populations in human-dominant landscapes (orchards and coastal resorts) that has led to conflict and persecution, sometimes resulting in hunting of bats or attempts to expel a colony from the site. Hunting of flying foxes in the Philippines is illegal, except by a few indigenous groups, but hunting is unregulated and therefore continues even today; fruit bat buyers prefer larger species but often buy the relatively small Island Flying Fox. Bibliography. Aimeida et al. (2014), Andersen (1912b), Aziz et al. (2017), Bonaccorso (1998), Corbet & Hill (1992), Flannery (1995a), Francis, Rosell-Ambal, Bonaccorso et al. (2008), Heaney et al. (2016), Ingle & Heaney (1992), Jones & Kunz (2000), Koopman (1979), Metrione et al. (2008), Rickart, Heaney & Rosenfeld (1989), Simmons (2005), Thomas (1915b).",
  "taxonomy": "Pleropus hypomelanus Temminck, 1853 , “1.’ile de Ternate [= Ternate Island ],” Moluccas , Indonesia . Pteropus hypomelanus is in the griseus species group. Subspecies are in need of revision. Subspecies vulcanius by O. Thomas in 1915 is synonymized with luteus; subspecies satyrus, previously assigned to P. melanotus , 1s In needed of clarification. Sixteen subspecies recognized..",
  "commonNames": "Roussette hypomélane @fr | German @en | nselflughund @en | Zorro volador pequeno @es | Small Flying Fox @en | Variable Flying Fox; Mearns's Flying Fox (mearnsi) @en",
  "interpretedAuthorityName": "Temminck",
  "interpretedAuthorityYear": "1853",
  "interpretedClass": "Magnoliopsida",
  "interpretedFamily": "Moraceae",
  "interpretedGenus": "Pleropus",
  "interpretedKingdom": "Plantae",
  "interpretedOrder": "Rosales",
  "interpretedPageId": "85",
  "interpretedPageNumber": "143",
  "interpretedPhylum": "Tracheophyta",
  "interpretedRank": "species",
  "interpretedSpecies": "hypomelanus",
  "name": "Pleropus hypomelanus",
  "subspeciesAndDistribution": "P.h.hypomelanusTemminck,1853—NMoluccas(HalmaheraandTernate)P.h.annectensK.Andersen,1908—SNatunaIs(Serasan)P.h.cagayanusMearns,1905—P.h. . . . P.h.canusK.Andersen,1908—NNatunaIsP.h.condorensisPeters,1869—ConDaoIs(Vietnam),andothersmallislandsintheGulfofThailand(CambodiaandThailand). . P.h.enganusG.S.Miller,1906—MentawaiIsP.h.fretensisKloss,1916—JarakIintheStraitsofMalaccaP.h.gemanorumG.S.Miller,1903—MerguiArchipelagoinSMyanmar(SouthTwinI),WcoastofSThailandIs(KoSurin,Similan,Satun),andWcoastofPeninsularMalaysiaIs(Langkawi). . . P.h.lepidusG.S.Miller,1900—TiomanandAurIs,offECoastofPeninsularMalaysia,andTambelanArchipelago,oftSWBorneo. P.h.luteusK.Andersen,1908—afewrecordsonmainlandNEPapuaNewGuineabutspeciallyonislandsoffN&Ecoasts,alsoinAdmiraltyIs,BismarckArchipelago,Solomons(RussellIs),TrobriandandWoodlarkIs,D’EntrecasteuxIs,andLouisiadeArchipelago. P.h.macassaricusHeude,1896—Sulawesi,Sangihe,andTalaudIs. P.h.marisG.M.Allen,1936—MaldivesIs. P.h.robinson:K.Andersen,1909—RumbiaIintheStraitsofMalacca. P.h.satyrusK.Andersen,1908—AndamanIs(Narcondam)P.h.sitmalurusThomas,1923—TapahIandothersatelliteislandsnearSimeulueI,offNWSumatra. . P. h. tomesii Peters, 1869 — Labuan I and other offshore islands off NW Borneo.",
  "distributionImageURL": "https://zenodo.org/record/6448899/files/figure.png",
  "bibliography": "Aimeida et al. (2014) | Andersen (1912b) | Aziz et al. (2017) | Bonaccorso (1998) | Corbet & Hill (1992) | Flannery (1995a) | Francis, Rosell-Ambal, Bonaccorso et al. (2008) | Heaney et al. (2016) | Ingle & Heaney (1992) | Jones & Kunz (2000) | Koopman (1979) | Metrione et al. (2008) | Rickart, Heaney & Rosenfeld (1989) | Simmons (2005) | Thomas (1915b)",
  "foodAndFeeding": "Diet of the Island Flying Fox includes fruits, flowers, and nectar from natural and agroforestry habitats. Various Ficus species ( Moraceae ) make up significant parts ofits diet throughout its distribution. It also feeds on cultivated species. It uses flowers of Ceiba and Durio (both Malvaceae ); Cocos ( Arecaceae ); Pouteria ( Sapotaceae ); and Eucalyptus ( Myrtaceae ). It mostly feeds alone for an average of 21 seconds/flower, but individuals occasionally feed together on the same tree. When finished with a flower, an individual moved to the next flower by flying or crawling on the same branch; minimal flower damage was recorded. Individuals forage continuously throughout the night, frequently vocalizing and wing flapping, which generally decrease after 23:00 h.",
  "breeding": "Male and female Island Flying Foxes are reproductively mature at one year of age. Females typically give birth to one young once a year. Birthing peaks vary across the distribution. In the Philippines , females are pregnant around April and give birth in April-May. Young remain dependent on mothers for at least three months. On islands offshore of Papua New Guinea , females were lactating in August, and young were observed in May—August. In captivity at Lubee Bat Conservancy (Gainesville, Florida), individuals originally wild caught in Indonesia in 1990 give birth year-round; males began aggressive reproductive behavior around October. Lactation lasts ¢.100 days.",
  "activityPatterns": "Island Flying Foxes are nocturnal and leave roosts around dusk to forage. In Malaysia , individuals arrive at durian trees prior (at ¢.19:20 h) to other bat species. Individuals return to day roosts before dawn. The Island Flying Fox has lowerthan-expected basal metabolic rate.",
  "movementsHomeRangeAndSocialOrganization": "The Island Flying Fox can fly 30- 50 km /night to forage and will skim within troughs of waves to reduce wind resistance when flying long distances. In Papua New Guinea , it commutes from its day roost on small offshore islands to other small islands to forage but rarely to the mainland unless strong winds make flying seaward difficult. It is gregarious and roosts colonially (up to 5000 individuals) in tall trees with low levels of disturbance but forms smaller colonies throughout much ofits distribution. Colonies are of mixed sexes, including females with dependent young. At day roosts, they rest and wing-flap, and occasionally engage in territorial interactions. In the Philippines , the Island Flying Fox roosts with other flying fox species; in Indonesia and Malaysia , most are single-species colonies. In Milne Bay islands, it sometimes roosts with the Spectacled Flying Fox ( P. conspicillatus ).",
  "statusAndConservation": "CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Rate of decline throughout the distribution of the Island Flying Fox due to overhunting and ongoing habitat degradation from human activity and climate change is so far less than 30%. Continued rise in global sea level will result in loss of essential roosting habitat and might result in reclassification as Vulnerable. It is much more rare than in the past due to overhunting and habitat loss. Individuals are normally sold locally, making detection ofillegal killing difficult. Hunters use various methods from guns to nets and fishhooks hanging from lines. There are some resident populations in human-dominant landscapes (orchards and coastal resorts) that has led to conflict and persecution, sometimes resulting in hunting of bats or attempts to expel a colony from the site. Hunting of flying foxes in the Philippines is illegal, except by a few indigenous groups, but hunting is unregulated and therefore continues even today; fruit bat buyers prefer larger species but often buy the relatively small Island Flying Fox.",
  "descriptiveNotes": "Head-body 194-225 mm (tailless), ear 24-27 mm , hindfoot 52- 68 mm , forearm 125-145 mm ; weight 300-420 g . Wingspans are 1000-1200 mm , depending on subspecies. Greatest lengths of skulls are 59-69 mm and tibias 56-62 mm . The Island Flying Fox is highly variable, with robust skull and laterally compressed rostrum. Forearm length and body mass vary among subspecies and geographical regions, but subspecific variations is primarily in color. Ears are somewhat broad and rounded. Fur is short and adpressed on back and humerus, with some longer hairs in middle of back. Tibia is naked. Base offur is dark brown. Wing membranes are brown and attach near spine. Subspecies in eastern end ofits distribution ( hypomelanus , luteus, and macassaricus) have dark brown backs and pale to ocherous bellies; luteus is considerably paler brown on front and back of body, with reddish brown on fore neck and sides of neck and brown head. Western subspecies have varieties of darker fur, some with sprinklings of grayish flecks and other variation in color, such as chestnut, cinnamon, or golden ocherous. Subspecies in the South China Sea area are slightly larger in average size of teeth, and subspecies enganus is significantly smaller in size overall and wholly dark in color. Subspecies geminorum is wholly dark, with two color morphs: one almost without bright colors and the other with grizzled extension of gray and black sprinkling on head, flanks, and sides of chest and belly; this morph might also occur in western and central subspecies. Skull has well-developed postorbital processes, and temporal ridges joined to form sagittal crest. Orbit is rather large. Coronoid is moderate and somewhat sloping. Canines are distinctly recurved, with narrow but distinct cingulum around entire base. Incisors are arranged in semicircle, with gap away from canines. P' is reduced and minute, lost in many adults. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 38 and FN = 72.",
  "habitat": "Secondary and mangrove forests (few records in primary forests) from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 900 m . The Island Flying Fox occurs on species-poor, small islands and primarily roosts on small offshore islands."
}
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  "docId": "194287C9FFBABA16B486F2CFB08FF240",
  "docName": "hbmw_9_Molossidae_598.pdf.imf",
  "docOrigin": "Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions",
  "docMasterId": "hash://md5/e57bffb1ffbcba10b412f760b226ffce",
  "docISBN": "978-84-16728-19-0",
  "docPageNumber": "625",
  "verbatimText": "14. Bonda Mastiff Bat Molossus currentium Fund : Mousse de Banda Gımıııı Bonda-Samtﬂedermaus Spanish Moloso de Bonds Other common namas Thomass Free-ta ed Bat. Thomass Mast If Bat Thxonomy . Molossus obscuras cunmtíum Thomas, 1901 , “Goya, Conientcsƒ' Argentina . Molassus bondae was recently synonymized under M. cımmtium due to morphological similarities. Monotypic. Distribution . Disjunct in E Honduras , Nicaragua , Costa Rica , Panama , Colombia , NW Venezuela , and Ecuador that is separate from CW Brazil , N Paraguay , E Argentina , and Uruguay ; is potentially present in E Bolivia . Descriptive notes . Head—body 66-80 mm , tail 34-44 mm , ear 13-16 mm , hindfoot 9-13 mm , foreann 38-43 mm ; weight 10-21 g . The Bonda Mastiff Bat medium-sized and smaller than the Sinaloan Mastiff Bat (M. sinaloa) and Alvarez's Mastiff Bat (M. alvafw) but larger than Pallas’s Mastiff Bat ( M. molossus ) and the Aztec Mastiﬁ Bat (M. aztecas). The Bonda Mastiff Bat has dark to medium brown dorsal hair, with narrow pale band at base that covers one-quarter to one-half the hair length. Reddish orange dorsal pelage also occurs in some populations. Dorsal fur is 2- 2 - 5 mm long. Venter is slightly paler than dorsurn. Membranes, face, muzzle, and ears are of similar color as fur. Ears are rounded and arise from same point on forehead. Tragus is small, and antitragus is constricted at its base. Upper lip and snout are smooth and lack any medial ridge. Skull has globose braincase, quadrangular occipital region, and infraorbital foramen opening laterally in frontal view. Basioccipital pits are moderately deep. I* spatulated or slightly elongated, with parallel or convergent tips. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 48 and FN = 66. Habitat . Savannas, palm forests, seasonally wet and ﬂooded forests, subtropical moist lowlands, tropical rainforests, and pastures from lowlands to elevations of 1060 m in Central America and below 600 m in South America. Food and Feeding . The Bonda Mastiff Bat is an aerial insecüvore that mostly eat: moths but aim beetle: and other insets. Breeding . The Bonda Mastiff Bat usually gives birth to one young, and polyestry has been reported in Costa Rica , with pregnant females caught injanuary-Augtrst. In Nicaragua , pregnant females were caught in july. Activity patterns. Bonda Mastiff Bats roost in caves, hollow tree trunks, cracks in rocks and buildings, and thatch roofs. Movements, Home range and Soda! organization . Colonies of Bonda Mastiff Bats were found roosting with Argentine Serotines (Eptesiaısfıııinalis), long-tongued bats (Ghmophagu spp.), Sinaloan Mastiff Bats, Common Black Myotis ( Myotis nigricans ), Lesser Bulldog Bats (Nocliltb albiventnk), and Blaclt-winged Little Yellow Bats (Rhogmsa tumida). Status and Conservation . Classiﬁed as Least Concern on The IUCNRød List. The Bonda Mastiff Bat is found in protected areas in Paraguay and Argentina . ..„,.... „,..„ ..., w.w,......, ...a ..-....,,...... Bibliography Burnett eta! (2001) Dolan & Caner (1979). Eger (2008) Eısenberg (1989), Gardner eta/ (1970). Koopman (19823. 1993). Laval (1977), Lava B« Fitch (1977), López-González (( 9981:), Lopez-Gonzalez G« Presley (2001), Loureıro. Gregonn à Penn: (Z018) Mora (2016), Simmons (2005). Tamsrtt åıvaldıvıeso (1966). Ttmm à Laval (1998). Valdlvleso (1964). Wıllıg at ll (2000)",
  "taxonomy": "Molossus obscuras cunmtíum Thomas, 1901 , “Goya, Conientcsƒ' Argentina . Molassus bondae was recently synonymized under M. cımmtium due to morphological similarities. Monotypic.",
  "interpretedAuthorityName": "Thomas",
  "interpretedAuthorityYear": "1901",
  "interpretedClass": "Mammalia",
  "interpretedFamily": "Molossidae",
  "interpretedGenus": "Molossus",
  "interpretedKingdom": "Animalia",
  "interpretedOrder": "Chiroptera",
  "interpretedPageId": "6",
  "interpretedPageNumber": "625",
  "interpretedPhylum": "Chordata",
  "interpretedRank": "species",
  "interpretedSpecies": "currentium",
  "name": "Molossus currentium",
  "subspeciesAndDistribution": "Disjunct in E Honduras , Nicaragua , Costa Rica , Panama , Colombia , NW Venezuela , and Ecuador that is separate from CW Brazil , N Paraguay , E Argentina , and Uruguay ; is potentially present in E Bolivia .",
  "distributionImageURL": "https://zenodo.org/record/6418300/files/figure.png",
  "bibliography": "Burnett eta! (2001) | Dolan & Caner (1979) | Eger (2008) | Eısenberg (1989) | Gardner eta/ (1970) | Koopman (19823. 1993) | Laval (1977) | Lava B« Fitch (1977) | López-González (( 9981:) | Lopez-Gonzalez G« Presley (2001) | Loureıro. Gregonn à Penn: (Z018) | Mora (2016) | Simmons (2005) | Tamsrtt åıvaldıvıeso (1966) | Ttmm à Laval (1998) | Valdlvleso (1964) | Wıllıg at ll (2000)",
  "foodAndFeeding": "The Bonda Mastiff Bat is an aerial insecüvore that mostly eat: moths but aim beetle: and other insets.",
  "breeding": "The Bonda Mastiff Bat usually gives birth to one young, and polyestry has been reported in Costa Rica , with pregnant females caught injanuary-Augtrst. In Nicaragua , pregnant females were caught in july.",
  "statusAndConservation": "Classiﬁed as Least Concern on The IUCNRød List. The Bonda Mastiff Bat is found in protected areas in Paraguay and Argentina . ..„,.... „,..„ ..., w.w,......, ...a ..-....,,......",
  "descriptiveNotes": "Head—body 66-80 mm , tail 34-44 mm , ear 13-16 mm , hindfoot 9-13 mm , foreann 38-43 mm ; weight 10-21 g . The Bonda Mastiff Bat medium-sized and smaller than the Sinaloan Mastiff Bat (M. sinaloa) and Alvarez's Mastiff Bat (M. alvafw) but larger than Pallas’s Mastiff Bat ( M. molossus ) and the Aztec Mastiﬁ Bat (M. aztecas). The Bonda Mastiff Bat has dark to medium brown dorsal hair, with narrow pale band at base that covers one-quarter to one-half the hair length. Reddish orange dorsal pelage also occurs in some populations. Dorsal fur is 2- 2 - 5 mm long. Venter is slightly paler than dorsurn. Membranes, face, muzzle, and ears are of similar color as fur. Ears are rounded and arise from same point on forehead. Tragus is small, and antitragus is constricted at its base. Upper lip and snout are smooth and lack any medial ridge. Skull has globose braincase, quadrangular occipital region, and infraorbital foramen opening laterally in frontal view. Basioccipital pits are moderately deep. I* spatulated or slightly elongated, with parallel or convergent tips. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 48 and FN = 66.",
  "habitat": "Savannas, palm forests, seasonally wet and ﬂooded forests, subtropical moist lowlands, tropical rainforests, and pastures from lowlands to elevations of 1060 m in Central America and below 600 m in South America."
}
{
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  "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type": "application/plazi+xml",
  "docId": "4C3D87E8FFBE6A01FA8B933A1835B7FC",
  "docName": "hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf",
  "docOrigin": "Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions",
  "docMasterId": "hash://md5/b004ff90fffb6a44fffc96591e00bb32",
  "docISBN": "978-84-16728-19-0",
  "docPageNumber": "827",
  "verbatimText": "142. Social Sprite Arelulus societatis French: Farfadet des sociétés / German: Soziale Elfenfledermaus / Spanish: Arielulus social Other common names: Benom-gilded Pipistrelle , Social Pipistrelle Taxonomy. Pipistrellus societatis Hill, 1972 , Malaysia , “Base Camp, Gunong Benom, Pahang , Malaya [= Malaysia ], 3°51'N , 102°11'E , 800 ft. [= 244 m ].” Previously considered merely a lowland form of A. circumdatus , but this opinion was rejected on the basis of morphological characteristics. Monotypic. Distribution Known only from Peninsular Malaysia , including Selangor (Ulu Gombak) and Pahang (Sungai Tekam Forest Reserve, Gunung Benom, and Krau Wildlife Reserve) provinces. Also listed from Fraser’s Hill Forest Reserve, Pahang ; but this record needs verification. Descriptive notes. Head-body 41-44 mm, tail 33-37 mm, ear 8-5-9 mm, forearm 36-6—40-6 mm; weight 4-3-8-5 g. The Social Sprite closely resembles the Bronze Sprite ( A. circumdatus ), but with smaller forearms, post-palatal extension, tooth row, and rostrum. Dorsal pelage is blackish brown with orange or bronze tipping (hairs basally brown, blackish brown for most of length, and tipped orange or bronze); crown pelage is orange-tipped but with a small area of straw-color; underparts are dark brown, tipped grayish white. Ears are large and bluntly rounded, with posteriorly directed basal lobe; tragus is large, and ears have yellowish-white rims, as in congeners. Wings are uniformly black. Baculum is Y-shaped with paired basal lobes and short shaft. Skull is short and wide, with rounded, rather globular braincase, inflated and elevated in frontal region; interorbital region wide; supraorbital region crests only faintly defined, terminating in small tubercles; rostrum is shorter, and narrower than in the Bronze Sprite, with more inflated braincase. Dentition is similar to that of the Bronze Sprite, less massive, with M® reduced, and posterior cusp virtually absent. Condylo-basal lengths are 13-9-14-8 mm; maxillary tooth row lengths are 5-2-5-6 mm. Chromosomal complement has 2n= 50 and FN= 48. Habitat. Recorded in primary lowland and hill forests, and secondary forests. The type specimen was found near a stream at 266 m . Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Nocturnal. It was mist-netted above small ford on a tributary of the Gombak River . In Selangor , found roosting in a tree-trunk hole beside a forest stream. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List because its extent of occurrence is less than 20,000 km ?, its range is fragmented across forest patches, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to rapid deforestation. It occurs in Krau Wildlife Reserve. Bibliography. Bates, Francis & Csorba (2008), Boitani et al. (2006), Corbet & Hill (1992), Francis (2008a), Heller & Volleth (1984, 1989), Hill (1972, 1983), Hill & Francis (1984), Hill & Harrison (1987), Kingston , Francis et al. (2003), Kingston , Lim & Zubaid (2006), Lim et al. (2017), Medway (1983), Mohd-Hanif et a/.(2015), Simmons (2005).",
  "taxonomy": "Pipistrellus societatis Hill, 1972 , Malaysia , “Base Camp, Gunong Benom, Pahang , Malaya [= Malaysia ], 3°51'N , 102°11'E , 800 ft. [= 244 m ].” Previously considered merely a lowland form of A. circumdatus , but this opinion was rejected on the basis of morphological characteristics. Monotypic..",
  "commonNames": "Farfadet des sociétés @fr | Soziale Elfenfledermaus @de | Arielulus social @es | Benom-gilded Pipistrelle @en | Social Pipistrelle @en",
  "interpretedAuthority": "Hill, 1972",
  "interpretedAuthorityName": "Hill",
  "interpretedAuthorityYear": "1972",
  "interpretedClass": "Mammalia",
  "interpretedFamily": "Vespertilionidae",
  "interpretedGenus": "Arelulus",
  "interpretedKingdom": "Animalia",
  "interpretedOrder": "Chiroptera",
  "interpretedPageId": "69",
  "interpretedPageNumber": "827",
  "interpretedPhylum": "Chordata",
  "interpretedRank": "species",
  "interpretedSpecies": "societatis",
  "name": "Arelulus societatis",
  "subspeciesAndDistribution": "Known only from Peninsular Malaysia , including Selangor (Ulu Gombak) and Pahang (Sungai Tekam Forest Reserve, Gunung Benom, and Krau Wildlife Reserve) provinces. Also listed from Fraser’s Hill Forest Reserve, Pahang ; but this record needs verification.",
  "distributionImageURL": "https://zenodo.org/record/6398071/files/figure.png",
  "bibliography": "Bates, Francis & Csorba (2008) | Boitani et al. (2006) | Corbet & Hill (1992) | Francis (2008a) | Heller & Volleth (1984, 1989) | Hill (1972, 1983) | Hill & Francis (1984) | Hill & Harrison (1987) | Kingston , Francis et al. (2003) | Kingston , Lim & Zubaid (2006) | Lim et al. (2017) | Medway (1983) | Mohd-Hanif et a/.(2015) | Simmons (2005)",
  "foodAndFeeding": "No information.",
  "breeding": "No information.",
  "activityPatterns": "Nocturnal. It was mist-netted above small ford on a tributary of the Gombak River . In Selangor , found roosting in a tree-trunk hole beside a forest stream.",
  "movementsHomeRangeAndSocialOrganization": "No information.",
  "statusAndConservation": "Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List because its extent of occurrence is less than 20,000 km ?, its range is fragmented across forest patches, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to rapid deforestation. It occurs in Krau Wildlife Reserve.",
  "descriptiveNotes": "Head-body 41-44 mm, tail 33-37 mm, ear 8-5-9 mm, forearm 36-6—40-6 mm; weight 4-3-8-5 g. The Social Sprite closely resembles the Bronze Sprite ( A. circumdatus ), but with smaller forearms, post-palatal extension, tooth row, and rostrum. Dorsal pelage is blackish brown with orange or bronze tipping (hairs basally brown, blackish brown for most of length, and tipped orange or bronze); crown pelage is orange-tipped but with a small area of straw-color; underparts are dark brown, tipped grayish white. Ears are large and bluntly rounded, with posteriorly directed basal lobe; tragus is large, and ears have yellowish-white rims, as in congeners. Wings are uniformly black. Baculum is Y-shaped with paired basal lobes and short shaft. Skull is short and wide, with rounded, rather globular braincase, inflated and elevated in frontal region; interorbital region wide; supraorbital region crests only faintly defined, terminating in small tubercles; rostrum is shorter, and narrower than in the Bronze Sprite, with more inflated braincase. Dentition is similar to that of the Bronze Sprite, less massive, with M® reduced, and posterior cusp virtually absent. Condylo-basal lengths are 13-9-14-8 mm; maxillary tooth row lengths are 5-2-5-6 mm. Chromosomal complement has 2n= 50 and FN= 48.",
  "habitat": "Recorded in primary lowland and hill forests, and secondary forests. The type specimen was found near a stream at 266 m ."
}

Of the 3 missing species, 2 are misspelled at the genus-level.
Species 1. Genus should be “Pteropus" (rather than Pleropus), also some of the taxonomic data eludes to this being a mulberry species (e.g., Class, Family, Kingdom, Order).
Species 3. Genus should be “Arielulus” (rather than Arelulus)
Kendra Phelps, PhD
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EcoHealth Alliance
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On Aug 23, 2022, at 5:44 PM, Jorrit Poelen @.***> wrote:
After adjustments, the information related to the 3 missing species now appear to have been populated:
cat hmw.json | grep -E "03AD87FAFF91F67F896D3090F9CEF648|194287C9FFBABA16B486F2CFB08FF240|4C3D87E8FFBE6A01FA8B933A1835B7FC" | jq .
produces:
{
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"docId": "03AD87FAFF91F67F896D3090F9CEF648",
"docName": "hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf",
"docOrigin": "Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions",
"docMasterId": "hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b",
"docISBN": "978-84-16728-19-0",
"docPageNumber": "143",
"verbatimText": "150. Island Flying Fox Pleropus hypomelanus French: Roussette hypomélane / German: Inselflughund / Spanish: Zorro volador pequeno Other common names: Small Flying Fox , Variable Flying Fox; Mearns's Flying Fox (mearnsi) Taxonomy. Pleropus hypomelanus Temminck, 1853 , “1.’ile de Ternate [= Ternate Island ],” Moluccas , Indonesia . Pteropus hypomelanus is in the griseus species group. Subspecies are in need of revision. Subspecies vulcanius by O. Thomas in 1915 is synonymized with luteus; subspecies satyrus, previously assigned to P. melanotus , 1s In needed of clarification. Sixteen subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution P.h.hypomelanusTemminck,1853—NMoluccas(HalmaheraandTernate)P.h.annectensK.Andersen,1908—SNatunaIs(Serasan)P.h.cagayanusMearns,1905—P.h. . . . P.h.canusK.Andersen,1908—NNatunaIsP.h.condorensisPeters,1869—ConDaoIs(Vietnam),andothersmallislandsintheGulfofThailand(CambodiaandThailand). . P.h.enganusG.S.Miller,1906—MentawaiIsP.h.fretensisKloss,1916—JarakIintheStraitsofMalaccaP.h.gemanorumG.S.Miller,1903—MerguiArchipelagoinSMyanmar(SouthTwinI),WcoastofSThailandIs(KoSurin,Similan,Satun),andWcoastofPeninsularMalaysiaIs(Langkawi). . . P.h.lepidusG.S.Miller,1900—TiomanandAurIs,offECoastofPeninsularMalaysia,andTambelanArchipelago,oftSWBorneo. P.h.luteusK.Andersen,1908—afewrecordsonmainlandNEPapuaNewGuineabutspeciallyonislandsoffN&Ecoasts,alsoinAdmiraltyIs,BismarckArchipelago,Solomons(RussellIs),TrobriandandWoodlarkIs,D’EntrecasteuxIs,andLouisiadeArchipelago. P.h.macassaricusHeude,1896—Sulawesi,Sangihe,andTalaudIs. P.h.marisG.M.Allen,1936—MaldivesIs. P.h.robinson:K.Andersen,1909—RumbiaIintheStraitsofMalacca. P.h.satyrusK.Andersen,1908—AndamanIs(Narcondam)P.h.sitmalurusThomas,1923—TapahIandothersatelliteislandsnearSimeulueI,offNWSumatra. . P. h. tomesii Peters, 1869 — Labuan I and other offshore islands off NW Borneo. Descriptive notes. Head-body 194-225 mm (tailless), ear 24-27 mm , hindfoot 52- 68 mm , forearm 125-145 mm ; weight 300-420 g . Wingspans are 1000-1200 mm , depending on subspecies. Greatest lengths of skulls are 59-69 mm and tibias 56-62 mm . The Island Flying Fox is highly variable, with robust skull and laterally compressed rostrum. Forearm length and body mass vary among subspecies and geographical regions, but subspecific variations is primarily in color. Ears are somewhat broad and rounded. Fur is short and adpressed on back and humerus, with some longer hairs in middle of back. Tibia is naked. Base offur is dark brown. Wing membranes are brown and attach near spine. Subspecies in eastern end ofits distribution ( hypomelanus , luteus, and macassaricus) have dark brown backs and pale to ocherous bellies; luteus is considerably paler brown on front and back of body, with reddish brown on fore neck and sides of neck and brown head. Western subspecies have varieties of darker fur, some with sprinklings of grayish flecks and other variation in color, such as chestnut, cinnamon, or golden ocherous. Subspecies in the South China Sea area are slightly larger in average size of teeth, and subspecies enganus is significantly smaller in size overall and wholly dark in color. Subspecies geminorum is wholly dark, with two color morphs: one almost without bright colors and the other with grizzled extension of gray and black sprinkling on head, flanks, and sides of chest and belly; this morph might also occur in western and central subspecies. Skull has well-developed postorbital processes, and temporal ridges joined to form sagittal crest. Orbit is rather large. Coronoid is moderate and somewhat sloping. Canines are distinctly recurved, with narrow but distinct cingulum around entire base. Incisors are arranged in semicircle, with gap away from canines. P' is reduced and minute, lost in many adults. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 38 and FN = 72. Habitat. Secondary and mangrove forests (few records in primary forests) from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 900 m . The Island Flying Fox occurs on species-poor, small islands and primarily roosts on small offshore islands. Food and Feeding. Diet of the Island Flying Fox includes fruits, flowers, and nectar from natural and agroforestry habitats. Various Ficus species ( Moraceae ) make up significant parts ofits diet throughout its distribution. It also feeds on cultivated species. It uses flowers of Ceiba and Durio (both Malvaceae ); Cocos ( Arecaceae ); Pouteria ( Sapotaceae ); and Eucalyptus ( Myrtaceae ). It mostly feeds alone for an average of 21 seconds/flower, but individuals occasionally feed together on the same tree. When finished with a flower, an individual moved to the next flower by flying or crawling on the same branch; minimal flower damage was recorded. Individuals forage continuously throughout the night, frequently vocalizing and wing flapping, which generally decrease after 23:00 h. Breeding. Male and female Island Flying Foxes are reproductively mature at one year of age. Females typically give birth to one young once a year. Birthing peaks vary across the distribution. In the Philippines , females are pregnant around April and give birth in April-May. Young remain dependent on mothers for at least three months. On islands offshore of Papua New Guinea , females were lactating in August, and young were observed in May—August. In captivity at Lubee Bat Conservancy (Gainesville, Florida), individuals originally wild caught in Indonesia in 1990 give birth year-round; males began aggressive reproductive behavior around October. Lactation lasts ¢.100 days. Activity patterns. Island Flying Foxes are nocturnal and leave roosts around dusk to forage. In Malaysia , individuals arrive at durian trees prior (at ¢.19:20 h) to other bat species. Individuals return to day roosts before dawn. The Island Flying Fox has lowerthan-expected basal metabolic rate. Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Island Flying Fox can fly 30- 50 km /night to forage and will skim within troughs of waves to reduce wind resistance when flying long distances. In Papua New Guinea , it commutes from its day roost on small offshore islands to other small islands to forage but rarely to the mainland unless strong winds make flying seaward difficult. It is gregarious and roosts colonially (up to 5000 individuals) in tall trees with low levels of disturbance but forms smaller colonies throughout much ofits distribution. Colonies are of mixed sexes, including females with dependent young. At day roosts, they rest and wing-flap, and occasionally engage in territorial interactions. In the Philippines , the Island Flying Fox roosts with other flying fox species; in Indonesia and Malaysia , most are single-species colonies. In Milne Bay islands, it sometimes roosts with the Spectacled Flying Fox ( P. conspicillatus ). Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Rate of decline throughout the distribution of the Island Flying Fox due to overhunting and ongoing habitat degradation from human activity and climate change is so far less than 30%. Continued rise in global sea level will result in loss of essential roosting habitat and might result in reclassification as Vulnerable. It is much more rare than in the past due to overhunting and habitat loss. Individuals are normally sold locally, making detection ofillegal killing difficult. Hunters use various methods from guns to nets and fishhooks hanging from lines. There are some resident populations in human-dominant landscapes (orchards and coastal resorts) that has led to conflict and persecution, sometimes resulting in hunting of bats or attempts to expel a colony from the site. Hunting of flying foxes in the Philippines is illegal, except by a few indigenous groups, but hunting is unregulated and therefore continues even today; fruit bat buyers prefer larger species but often buy the relatively small Island Flying Fox. Bibliography. Aimeida et al. (2014), Andersen (1912b), Aziz et al. (2017), Bonaccorso (1998), Corbet & Hill (1992), Flannery (1995a), Francis, Rosell-Ambal, Bonaccorso et al. (2008), Heaney et al. (2016), Ingle & Heaney (1992), Jones & Kunz (2000), Koopman (1979), Metrione et al. (2008), Rickart, Heaney & Rosenfeld (1989), Simmons (2005), Thomas (1915b).",
"taxonomy": "Pleropus hypomelanus Temminck, 1853 , “1.’ile de Ternate [= Ternate Island ],” Moluccas , Indonesia . Pteropus hypomelanus is in the griseus species group. Subspecies are in need of revision. Subspecies vulcanius by O. Thomas in 1915 is synonymized with luteus; subspecies satyrus, previously assigned to P. melanotus , 1s In needed of clarification. Sixteen subspecies recognized..",
"commonNames": "Roussette hypomélane @fr | German @en | nselflughund @en | Zorro volador pequeno @es | Small Flying Fox @en | Variable Flying Fox; Mearns's Flying Fox (mearnsi) @en",
"interpretedAuthorityName": "Temminck",
"interpretedAuthorityYear": "1853",
"interpretedClass": "Magnoliopsida",
"interpretedFamily": "Moraceae",
"interpretedGenus": "Pleropus",
"interpretedKingdom": "Plantae",
"interpretedOrder": "Rosales",
"interpretedPageId": "85",
"interpretedPageNumber": "143",
"interpretedPhylum": "Tracheophyta",
"interpretedRank": "species",
"interpretedSpecies": "hypomelanus",
"name": "Pleropus hypomelanus",
"subspeciesAndDistribution": "P.h.hypomelanusTemminck,1853—NMoluccas(HalmaheraandTernate)P.h.annectensK.Andersen,1908—SNatunaIs(Serasan)P.h.cagayanusMearns,1905—P.h. . . . P.h.canusK.Andersen,1908—NNatunaIsP.h.condorensisPeters,1869—ConDaoIs(Vietnam),andothersmallislandsintheGulfofThailand(CambodiaandThailand). . P.h.enganusG.S.Miller,1906—MentawaiIsP.h.fretensisKloss,1916—JarakIintheStraitsofMalaccaP.h.gemanorumG.S.Miller,1903—MerguiArchipelagoinSMyanmar(SouthTwinI),WcoastofSThailandIs(KoSurin,Similan,Satun),andWcoastofPeninsularMalaysiaIs(Langkawi). . . P.h.lepidusG.S.Miller,1900—TiomanandAurIs,offECoastofPeninsularMalaysia,andTambelanArchipelago,oftSWBorneo. P.h.luteusK.Andersen,1908—afewrecordsonmainlandNEPapuaNewGuineabutspeciallyonislandsoffN&Ecoasts,alsoinAdmiraltyIs,BismarckArchipelago,Solomons(RussellIs),TrobriandandWoodlarkIs,D’EntrecasteuxIs,andLouisiadeArchipelago. P.h.macassaricusHeude,1896—Sulawesi,Sangihe,andTalaudIs. P.h.marisG.M.Allen,1936—MaldivesIs. P.h.robinson:K.Andersen,1909—RumbiaIintheStraitsofMalacca. P.h.satyrusK.Andersen,1908—AndamanIs(Narcondam)P.h.sitmalurusThomas,1923—TapahIandothersatelliteislandsnearSimeulueI,offNWSumatra. . P. h. tomesii Peters, 1869 — Labuan I and other offshore islands off NW Borneo.",
"distributionImageURL": "https://zenodo.org/record/6448899/files/figure.png",
"bibliography": "Aimeida et al. (2014) | Andersen (1912b) | Aziz et al. (2017) | Bonaccorso (1998) | Corbet & Hill (1992) | Flannery (1995a) | Francis, Rosell-Ambal, Bonaccorso et al. (2008) | Heaney et al. (2016) | Ingle & Heaney (1992) | Jones & Kunz (2000) | Koopman (1979) | Metrione et al. (2008) | Rickart, Heaney & Rosenfeld (1989) | Simmons (2005) | Thomas (1915b)",
"foodAndFeeding": "Diet of the Island Flying Fox includes fruits, flowers, and nectar from natural and agroforestry habitats. Various Ficus species ( Moraceae ) make up significant parts ofits diet throughout its distribution. It also feeds on cultivated species. It uses flowers of Ceiba and Durio (both Malvaceae ); Cocos ( Arecaceae ); Pouteria ( Sapotaceae ); and Eucalyptus ( Myrtaceae ). It mostly feeds alone for an average of 21 seconds/flower, but individuals occasionally feed together on the same tree. When finished with a flower, an individual moved to the next flower by flying or crawling on the same branch; minimal flower damage was recorded. Individuals forage continuously throughout the night, frequently vocalizing and wing flapping, which generally decrease after 23:00 h.",
"breeding": "Male and female Island Flying Foxes are reproductively mature at one year of age. Females typically give birth to one young once a year. Birthing peaks vary across the distribution. In the Philippines , females are pregnant around April and give birth in April-May. Young remain dependent on mothers for at least three months. On islands offshore of Papua New Guinea , females were lactating in August, and young were observed in May—August. In captivity at Lubee Bat Conservancy (Gainesville, Florida), individuals originally wild caught in Indonesia in 1990 give birth year-round; males began aggressive reproductive behavior around October. Lactation lasts ¢.100 days.",
"activityPatterns": "Island Flying Foxes are nocturnal and leave roosts around dusk to forage. In Malaysia , individuals arrive at durian trees prior (at ¢.19:20 h) to other bat species. Individuals return to day roosts before dawn. The Island Flying Fox has lowerthan-expected basal metabolic rate.",
"movementsHomeRangeAndSocialOrganization": "The Island Flying Fox can fly 30- 50 km /night to forage and will skim within troughs of waves to reduce wind resistance when flying long distances. In Papua New Guinea , it commutes from its day roost on small offshore islands to other small islands to forage but rarely to the mainland unless strong winds make flying seaward difficult. It is gregarious and roosts colonially (up to 5000 individuals) in tall trees with low levels of disturbance but forms smaller colonies throughout much ofits distribution. Colonies are of mixed sexes, including females with dependent young. At day roosts, they rest and wing-flap, and occasionally engage in territorial interactions. In the Philippines , the Island Flying Fox roosts with other flying fox species; in Indonesia and Malaysia , most are single-species colonies. In Milne Bay islands, it sometimes roosts with the Spectacled Flying Fox ( P. conspicillatus ).",
"statusAndConservation": "CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Rate of decline throughout the distribution of the Island Flying Fox due to overhunting and ongoing habitat degradation from human activity and climate change is so far less than 30%. Continued rise in global sea level will result in loss of essential roosting habitat and might result in reclassification as Vulnerable. It is much more rare than in the past due to overhunting and habitat loss. Individuals are normally sold locally, making detection ofillegal killing difficult. Hunters use various methods from guns to nets and fishhooks hanging from lines. There are some resident populations in human-dominant landscapes (orchards and coastal resorts) that has led to conflict and persecution, sometimes resulting in hunting of bats or attempts to expel a colony from the site. Hunting of flying foxes in the Philippines is illegal, except by a few indigenous groups, but hunting is unregulated and therefore continues even today; fruit bat buyers prefer larger species but often buy the relatively small Island Flying Fox.",
"descriptiveNotes": "Head-body 194-225 mm (tailless), ear 24-27 mm , hindfoot 52- 68 mm , forearm 125-145 mm ; weight 300-420 g . Wingspans are 1000-1200 mm , depending on subspecies. Greatest lengths of skulls are 59-69 mm and tibias 56-62 mm . The Island Flying Fox is highly variable, with robust skull and laterally compressed rostrum. Forearm length and body mass vary among subspecies and geographical regions, but subspecific variations is primarily in color. Ears are somewhat broad and rounded. Fur is short and adpressed on back and humerus, with some longer hairs in middle of back. Tibia is naked. Base offur is dark brown. Wing membranes are brown and attach near spine. Subspecies in eastern end ofits distribution ( hypomelanus , luteus, and macassaricus) have dark brown backs and pale to ocherous bellies; luteus is considerably paler brown on front and back of body, with reddish brown on fore neck and sides of neck and brown head. Western subspecies have varieties of darker fur, some with sprinklings of grayish flecks and other variation in color, such as chestnut, cinnamon, or golden ocherous. Subspecies in the South China Sea area are slightly larger in average size of teeth, and subspecies enganus is significantly smaller in size overall and wholly dark in color. Subspecies geminorum is wholly dark, with two color morphs: one almost without bright colors and the other with grizzled extension of gray and black sprinkling on head, flanks, and sides of chest and belly; this morph might also occur in western and central subspecies. Skull has well-developed postorbital processes, and temporal ridges joined to form sagittal crest. Orbit is rather large. Coronoid is moderate and somewhat sloping. Canines are distinctly recurved, with narrow but distinct cingulum around entire base. Incisors are arranged in semicircle, with gap away from canines. P' is reduced and minute, lost in many adults. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 38 and FN = 72.",
"habitat": "Secondary and mangrove forests (few records in primary forests) from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 900 m . The Island Flying Fox occurs on species-poor, small islands and primarily roosts on small offshore islands."
}
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"docName": "hbmw_9_Molossidae_598.pdf.imf",
"docOrigin": "Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions",
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"docISBN": "978-84-16728-19-0",
"docPageNumber": "625",
"verbatimText": "14. Bonda Mastiff Bat Molossus currentium Fund : Mousse de Banda Gımıııı Bonda-Samtﬂedermaus Spanish Moloso de Bonds Other common namas Thomass Free-ta ed Bat. Thomass Mast If Bat Thxonomy . Molossus obscuras cunmtíum Thomas, 1901 , “Goya, Conientcsƒ' Argentina . Molassus bondae was recently synonymized under M. cımmtium due to morphological similarities. Monotypic. Distribution . Disjunct in E Honduras , Nicaragua , Costa Rica , Panama , Colombia , NW Venezuela , and Ecuador that is separate from CW Brazil , N Paraguay , E Argentina , and Uruguay ; is potentially present in E Bolivia . Descriptive notes . Head—body 66-80 mm , tail 34-44 mm , ear 13-16 mm , hindfoot 9-13 mm , foreann 38-43 mm ; weight 10-21 g . The Bonda Mastiff Bat medium-sized and smaller than the Sinaloan Mastiff Bat (M. sinaloa) and Alvarez's Mastiff Bat (M. alvafw) but larger than Pallas’s Mastiff Bat ( M. molossus ) and the Aztec Mastiﬁ Bat (M. aztecas). The Bonda Mastiff Bat has dark to medium brown dorsal hair, with narrow pale band at base that covers one-quarter to one-half the hair length. Reddish orange dorsal pelage also occurs in some populations. Dorsal fur is 2- 2 - 5 mm long. Venter is slightly paler than dorsurn. Membranes, face, muzzle, and ears are of similar color as fur. Ears are rounded and arise from same point on forehead. Tragus is small, and antitragus is constricted at its base. Upper lip and snout are smooth and lack any medial ridge. Skull has globose braincase, quadrangular occipital region, and infraorbital foramen opening laterally in frontal view. Basioccipital pits are moderately deep. I* spatulated or slightly elongated, with parallel or convergent tips. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 48 and FN = 66. Habitat . Savannas, palm forests, seasonally wet and ﬂooded forests, subtropical moist lowlands, tropical rainforests, and pastures from lowlands to elevations of 1060 m in Central America and below 600 m in South America. Food and Feeding . The Bonda Mastiff Bat is an aerial insecüvore that mostly eat: moths but aim beetle: and other insets. Breeding . The Bonda Mastiff Bat usually gives birth to one young, and polyestry has been reported in Costa Rica , with pregnant females caught injanuary-Augtrst. In Nicaragua , pregnant females were caught in july. Activity patterns. Bonda Mastiff Bats roost in caves, hollow tree trunks, cracks in rocks and buildings, and thatch roofs. Movements, Home range and Soda! organization . Colonies of Bonda Mastiff Bats were found roosting with Argentine Serotines (Eptesiaısfıııinalis), long-tongued bats (Ghmophagu spp.), Sinaloan Mastiff Bats, Common Black Myotis ( Myotis nigricans ), Lesser Bulldog Bats (Nocliltb albiventnk), and Blaclt-winged Little Yellow Bats (Rhogmsa tumida). Status and Conservation . Classiﬁed as Least Concern on The IUCNRød List. The Bonda Mastiff Bat is found in protected areas in Paraguay and Argentina . ..„,.... „,..„ ..., w.w,......, ...a ..-....,,...... Bibliography Burnett eta! (2001) Dolan & Caner (1979). Eger (2008) Eısenberg (1989), Gardner eta/ (1970). Koopman (19823. 1993). Laval (1977), Lava B« Fitch (1977), López-González (( 9981:), Lopez-Gonzalez G« Presley (2001), Loureıro. Gregonn à Penn: (Z018) Mora (2016), Simmons (2005). Tamsrtt åıvaldıvıeso (1966). Ttmm à Laval (1998). Valdlvleso (1964). Wıllıg at ll (2000)",
"taxonomy": "Molossus obscuras cunmtíum Thomas, 1901 , “Goya, Conientcsƒ' Argentina . Molassus bondae was recently synonymized under M. cımmtium due to morphological similarities. Monotypic.",
"interpretedAuthorityName": "Thomas",
"interpretedAuthorityYear": "1901",
"interpretedClass": "Mammalia",
"interpretedFamily": "Molossidae",
"interpretedGenus": "Molossus",
"interpretedKingdom": "Animalia",
"interpretedOrder": "Chiroptera",
"interpretedPageId": "6",
"interpretedPageNumber": "625",
"interpretedPhylum": "Chordata",
"interpretedRank": "species",
"interpretedSpecies": "currentium",
"name": "Molossus currentium",
"subspeciesAndDistribution": "Disjunct in E Honduras , Nicaragua , Costa Rica , Panama , Colombia , NW Venezuela , and Ecuador that is separate from CW Brazil , N Paraguay , E Argentina , and Uruguay ; is potentially present in E Bolivia .",
"distributionImageURL": "https://zenodo.org/record/6418300/files/figure.png",
"bibliography": "Burnett eta! (2001) | Dolan & Caner (1979) | Eger (2008) | Eısenberg (1989) | Gardner eta/ (1970) | Koopman (19823. 1993) | Laval (1977) | Lava B« Fitch (1977) | López-González (( 9981:) | Lopez-Gonzalez G« Presley (2001) | Loureıro. Gregonn à Penn: (Z018) | Mora (2016) | Simmons (2005) | Tamsrtt åıvaldıvıeso (1966) | Ttmm à Laval (1998) | Valdlvleso (1964) | Wıllıg at ll (2000)",
"foodAndFeeding": "The Bonda Mastiff Bat is an aerial insecüvore that mostly eat: moths but aim beetle: and other insets.",